Topical Vocabulary

Topical Vocabulary: A Comprehensive List

Note: One needs to learn to use these words appropriately to get a higher score.

Economics

1. Cash vs. Credit Card:

Basic:

Cash: Physical money (notes and coins).
Credit Card: A card allowing you to borrow money for purchases.
Transaction: A business exchange.
Payment: Giving money for goods or services.
Debt: Money owed.
Budget: A plan for spending money.
Interest: A fee charged for borrowing money.
Spending: Using money.
Balance: The amount of money in an account or owed.
Fee: A charge for a service.

Intermediate:

Principal: The original amount borrowed or invested.
Annual Percentage Rate (APR): The yearly interest rate on a credit card.
Credit Limit: The maximum amount you can borrow on a credit card.
Reward Points: Points earned for using a credit card, redeemable for rewards.
Cashback: A percentage of purchases returned as cash.
Credit Score: A numerical representation of your creditworthiness.
Financial Literacy: Understanding and managing personal finances.
Impulse Buying: Making unplanned purchases.
Discipline: Self-control in spending habits.
Budgeting Tools: Methods or software used for budgeting.

Advanced:

Compound Interest: Interest earned on both the principal and accumulated interest.
Credit Utilization Ratio: The percentage of available credit you are using.
Debt-to-Income Ratio (DTI): The ratio of your total debt to your gross monthly income.
Financial Planning: The process of setting financial goals and creating a plan to achieve them.
Opportunity Cost: The value of the next best alternative forgone when making a choice.
Liquidity: The ease with which an asset can be converted into cash.
Risk Management: Strategies for minimizing financial risks.
Consumer Behavior: The study of how people make purchasing decisions.
Behavioral Economics: The study of psychological factors influencing economic decisions.
Financial Independence: Having enough wealth to support oneself without working.

2. Saving vs. Spending:

Basic:

Saving: Setting money aside for future use.
Spending: Using money to buy goods or services.
Needs: Essential goods and services.
Wants: Non-essential goods and services.
Budget: A plan for spending and saving money.
Income: Money earned.
Expense: Money spent.
Goal: Something you want to achieve.
Investment: Putting money into something to generate future income.

Intermediate:

Savings Account: A bank account that earns interest.
Emergency Fund: Money saved for unexpected expenses.
Financial Security: Having enough money to meet your needs.
Delayed Gratification: Resisting the urge for immediate reward in favor of a later, greater reward.
Compounding: Earning interest on both the principal and accumulated interest.
Inflation: The increase in the price of goods and services over time.
Purchasing Power: The ability to buy goods and services.
Financial Goals: Specific objectives for saving and investing.
Retirement Planning: Planning for financial security in retirement.

Advanced:

Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS): The proportion of an additional dollar of income that is saved.
Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC): The proportion of an additional dollar of income that is spent.
Time Value of Money: The concept that money available at the present time is worth more than the identical sum in the future due to its potential earning capacity.¹
Asset Allocation: Dividing investments among different asset classes.
Diversification: Spreading investments across different asset classes to reduce risk.
Risk Tolerance: An individual's ability to withstand investment losses.
Investment Portfolio: A collection of investments.
Financial Modeling: Using mathematical models to project future financial outcomes.
Intertemporal Choice: Decisions about consumption and saving across different time periods.
Opportunity Cost: The value of the next best alternative forgone when making a choice.

3. Globalization vs. Economy:

Basic:

Globalization: The increasing interconnectedness of countries through trade, technology, and culture.
Economy: The system of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in a country or region.
Trade: The exchange of goods and services between countries.
Import: Goods and services bought from another country.
Export: Goods and services sold to another country.
Market: A place where buyers and sellers interact.
Industry: A group of companies that produce similar goods or services.

Intermediate:

International Trade: Trade between countries.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Investment made by a company in a foreign country.
Multinational Corporation (MNC): A company that operates in many countries.
Supply Chain: The network of people and resources involved in producing and distributing a product.
Tariff: A tax on imported goods.
Quota: A limit on the quantity of goods that can be imported.
Free Trade: Trade without barriers such as tariffs and quotas.
Economic Growth: An increase in the production of goods and services in an economy.

Advanced:

Comparative Advantage: The ability of a country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another country.
Protectionism: The policy of protecting domestic industries from foreign competition.
Global Value Chains: The international distribution of activities in the production of goods and services.
Economic Integration: The process of reducing trade barriers and coordinating economic policies between countries.
Foreign Exchange Market: The market where currencies are traded.
Balance of Payments: A record of a country's transactions with the rest of the world.
Capital Flows: The movement of money between countries.
Economic Development: The process of improving the standard of living in a country.
Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet² their own needs.
Deglobalization: The reversal of globalization trends.

4. World Economic Issues:

Basic:

Poverty: The state of being extremely poor.
Unemployment: The state of being without a job.
Inflation: The increase in the price of goods and services.
Recession: A period of economic decline.
Inequality: The unequal distribution of wealth and income.
Debt: Money owed.
Trade Deficit: When a country imports more than it exports.
Economic Crisis: A significant disruption to the economy.

Intermediate:

Economic Growth: An increase in the production of goods and services.
Economic Development: The process of improving the standard of living in a country.
Fiscal Policy: Government policies related to spending and taxation.
Monetary Policy: Central bank policies related to interest rates and the money supply.
Globalization: The increasing interconnectedness of countries.
Climate Change: Changes in the Earth's climate.
Resource Scarcity: The limited availability of natural resources.
Financial Instability: Volatility in financial markets.

Advanced:

Income Inequality: The gap between the rich and the poor.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): A set of global goals for sustainable development.
International Monetary Fund (IMF): An international organization that provides financial assistance to countries.
World Bank: An international organization that provides loans to developing countries.
Financial Crisis: A severe disruption to the financial system.
Sovereign Debt Crisis: A situation where a country is unable to repay its debt.
Global Governance: The way in which global issues are addressed.
Geopolitics: The relationship between politics and geography.
Economic Sanctions: Restrictions imposed on a country's economy.
Technological Disruption: The impact of new technologies on the economy.

5. Economic Progress and Success:

Basic:

Growth: An increase in size or quantity.
Development: The process of improving something.
Prosperity: A state of wealth and success.
Standard of Living: The level of wealth, comfort, material goods, and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class³ or geographic area.
Innovation: The introduction of new ideas or methods.
Productivity: The efficiency with which goods and services are produced.
Employment: The state of having a job.
Wealth:
an abundance of valuable possessions or money.

Education

1. Children and Education:

Basic:

Child: A young human being.
Education: The process of teaching and learning.
Learning: Acquiring knowledge and skills.
School: An institution for teaching children.
Teacher: A person who teaches.
Student: A person who is learning.
Play: Activities engaged in for enjoyment and recreation.
Development: The process of growing and progressing.

Intermediate:

Early Childhood Education: Education for young children.
Cognitive Development: Development of thinking and reasoning skills.
Social-Emotional Development: Development of social and emotional skills.
Literacy: The ability to read and write.
Numeracy: The ability to understand and work with numbers.
Curriculum: The subjects taught in a school.
Extracurricular Activities: Activities outside of the regular curriculum.
Parental Involvement: Parents' participation in their children's education.

Advanced:

Pedagogy: The method and practice of teaching.
Child Psychology: The study of children's development.
Educational Psychology: The study of how people learn in educational settings.
Constructivism: A learning theory that emphasizes active learning.
Inquiry-Based Learning: A teaching method that encourages students to ask questions and explore.
Differentiated Instruction: Teaching methods that cater to different learning styles.
Assessment: Evaluating students' learning.
Child Development Milestones: Expected stages of development for children.
Neuroplasticity: The brain's ability to change and adapt.
Socioeconomic Status: A person's social and economic position.

2. Relevant Subjects:

Basic:

Math: The study of numbers and calculations.
Science: The study of the natural world.
English: The study of the English language.
History: The study of past events.
Geography: The study of the Earth and its features.
Art: Creative expression through various mediums.
Music: The art of organized sound.
Physical Education: Education focusing on physical fitness.

Intermediate:

Literature: The study of written works.
Social Studies: The study of society and culture.
Foreign Language: The study of a language other than one's native language.
Computer Science: The study of computers and computing.
Economics: The study of how goods and services are produced and distributed.
Civics: The study of the rights and duties of citizens.
Vocational Education: Education that prepares students for specific careers.

Advanced:

Philosophy: The study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, etc.
Psychology: The study of the mind and behaviour.
Sociology: The study of society and social interaction.
Anthropology: The study of humanity.
Political Science: The study of government and politics.
Interdisciplinary Studies: Studies that combine multiple disciplines.
STEM Education: Education in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.
Humanities: Branches of knowledge concerned with human culture.

3. Education and Technology:

Basic:

Computer: An electronic device for processing information.
Internet: A global network of computers.
Technology: The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
Online Learning: Learning through the Internet.
E-learning: Electronic learning.

Intermediate:

Educational Software: Software designed for teaching and learning.
Interactive Whiteboard: A digital whiteboard used in classrooms.
Distance Learning: Learning remotely through technology.
Digital Literacy: The ability to use technology effectively.
Assistive Technology: Technology used to help students with disabilities.

Advanced:

Learning Management System (LMS): A software application for managing online courses.
Virtual Learning Environment (VLE): An online platform for learning.
Augmented Reality (AR): Technology that overlays digital information onto the real world.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Education: The use of AI to personalize learning.
Gamification in Education: The use of game design elements in education.
Digital Divide: The gap between those who have access to technology and those who don't.
Cybersecurity in Education: Protecting students' data and online safety.

4. Role of Teachers:

Basic:

Teacher: A person who teaches.
Educator: A person who provides education.
Mentor: A trusted advisor.
Role Model: A person whose behaviour serves as an example for others.
Facilitator: Someone who helps a group of people to work together effectively.

Intermediate:

Instruction: The act of teaching.
Curriculum Development: Creating and designing the curriculum.
Assessment: Evaluating students' learning.
Classroom Management: Managing student behaviour in the classroom.
Professional Development: Activities that enhance teachers' skills and knowledge.

Advanced:

Pedagogical Content Knowledge: Teachers' understanding of how to teach specific subjects.
Andragogy: The teaching of adults.
Differentiated Instruction: Teaching methods that cater to different learning styles.
Educational Leadership: Leading and managing educational institutions.
Teacher Collaboration: Teachers working together to improve teaching and learning.
Mentorship Programs: Programs that pair experienced teachers with newer teachers.
Reflective Practice: Teachers reflect on their teaching practices to improve.

5. Discipline and Rules in School:

Basic:

Discipline: The practice of training someone to obey rules.
Rules: Regulations that students must follow.
Behaviour: The way someone acts.
Consequences: The results of an action.
Respect: Treating others with courtesy and consideration.

Intermediate:

Classroom Management: Managing student behaviour in the classroom.
Positive Reinforcement: Rewarding good behavior.
Punishment: Consequences for bad behaviour.
Code of Conduct: A set of rules and guidelines for behaviour.
Bullying: Repeated aggressive behaviour.

Advanced:

Restorative Justice: A method of dealing with wrongdoing that focuses on repairing harm.
Conflict Resolution: Resolving disagreements peacefully.
School Climate: The overall atmosphere of a school.
Zero Tolerance Policies: Policies that impose strict punishments for certain offences.
Behaviour Management Plans: Individualized plans for students with behavioural challenges.

6. Single-Sex Schools:

Basic:

Single-Sex School: A school for either boys or girls only.
Co-educational School: A school for both boys and girls.

Intermediate:

Gender: The state of being male or female.
Academic Performance: Students' achievement in school.
Social Development: Development of social skills.

Advanced:

Gender Stereotypes: Widely held beliefs about the characteristics of males and females.
Educational Outcomes: The results of education, such as academic achievement and career opportunities.
Socialization: The process of learning social norms and values.

7. Uniforms:

Basic:

Uniform: A set of clothes worn by all members of a group.
Dress Code: A set of rules about what clothing is acceptable.

Intermediate:

School Uniform: A uniform worn by students at a school.
Identity: A sense of belonging.
Conformity: Behaving in a way that follows the rules or norms.

Advanced:

Social Equality: The idea that all people should have equal rights and opportunities.
Self-Expression: Expressing one's individuality.
Symbolism: The use of symbols to represent ideas or concepts.

8. Findings:

Basic:

Finding: A discovery or conclusion.
Research: The systematic investigation into a subject.
Data: Information collected for analysis.

Intermediate:

Study: A research project.
Analysis: Examining data to draw conclusions.
Results: The outcomes of a study.

Advanced:

Methodology: The methods used in a research study.
Empirical Evidence: Evidence based on observation or experience.
Statistical Significance: The likelihood that a result is not due to chance.
Qualitative Research: Research that explores complex social phenomena.
Quantitative Research: Collecting and analyzing numerical data to understand patterns and relationships. It's used in many fields, including the social and natural sciences.

Environment

1. Animals:

Basic:

Animal: A living organism that feeds on organic matter.
Mammal: Warm-blooded vertebrate animal with hair or fur.
Bird: Warm-blooded vertebrate animal with feathers and wings.
Fish: Cold-blooded aquatic vertebrate animal with gills.
Reptile: Cold-blooded vertebrate animal with scales.
Amphibian: Cold-blooded vertebrate animal that lives both in water and on land.
Insect: Invertebrate animal with six legs and three body sections.

Intermediate:

Vertebrate: Animal with a backbone.
Invertebrate: Animal without a backbone.
Habitat: The natural environment where an animal lives.
Species: A group of living organisms that can interbreed.
Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with their environment.
Food Chain: The sequence of who eats whom in an ecosystem.
Predator: An animal that hunts other animals for food.
Prey: An animal that is hunted by other animals.

Advanced:

Biodiversity: The variety of life on Earth.
Evolution: The process of change in the characteristics of a species over time.
Natural Selection: The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.¹
Conservation: The protection and preservation of natural resources.
Endangered Species: Species at risk of extinction.
Extinction: The complete disappearance of a species.
Ecology: The study of the relationships between organisms and their environment.
Ethology: The study of animal behaviour.
Taxonomy: The science of classifying organisms.
Symbiosis: A relationship between two different species in which at least one benefits.

2. Protecting Endangered Species:

Basic:

Endangered: At risk of extinction.
Protection: Keeping something safe from harm.
Conservation: The protection and preservation of natural resources.
Habitat Loss: The destruction of an animal's natural environment.
Poaching: Illegal hunting.

Intermediate:

Biodiversity Loss: The decrease in the variety of life on Earth.
Captive Breeding: Breeding animals in captivity to increase their population.
Wildlife Refuge: A protected area for wildlife.
Legislation: Laws designed to protect endangered species.
Conservation Efforts: Actions taken to protect endangered species.

Advanced:

CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species): An international agreement to regulate the trade in endangered species.
IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature): An international organization that assesses the conservation status of species.
Genetic Diversity: The variation in genes within a species.
Ecosystem Restoration: The process of restoring damaged ecosystems.
Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Flagship Species: A species chosen as a symbol for a conservation campaign.
Umbrella Species: A species whose protection also benefits other species in the same habitat.

3. Zoos:

Basic:

Zoo: A place where animals are kept for exhibition.
Captivity: The state of being confined.
Enclosure: The space where an animal is kept in a zoo.

Intermediate:

Conservation: The protection and preservation of natural resources.
Education: Providing information about animals and their habitats.
Research: Studying animal behaviour and biology.
Rehabilitation: Helping injured or sick animals recover.

Advanced:

Animal Welfare: The well-being of animals.
Ethical Considerations: Moral questions about keeping animals in zoos.
Species Survival Plans: Programs to manage the breeding of endangered species in zoos.
Accreditation: Recognition that a zoo meets certain standards.
Enrichment: Providing animals with stimulating environments.
Stereotypy: Repetitive or abnormal behaviour in captive animals.

4. Environmental Problems:

Basic:

Pollution: The presence of harmful substances in the environment.
Air Pollution: Pollution of the air.
Water Pollution: Pollution of water bodies.
Land Pollution: Pollution of the land.
Waste: Unwanted or unusable materials.

Intermediate:

Climate Change: Changes in the Earth's climate.
Global Warming: The increase in the Earth's average temperature.
Deforestation: The clearing of forests.
Overpopulation: Too many people living in a particular area.
Resource Depletion: The overuse of natural resources.

Advanced:

Greenhouse Effect: The trapping of heat in the atmosphere.
Acid Rain: Rain that is acidic due to pollution.
Ozone Depletion: The thinning of the ozone layer.
Eutrophication: The excessive enrichment of a body of water with nutrients.
Desertification: The process of land becoming desert.
Biodiversity Loss: The decrease in the variety of life on Earth.
Environmental Degradation: The deterioration of the environment.
Ecological Footprint: The impact of a person or community on the environment.

5. Saving the Environment & Solving Problems:

Basic:

Reduce: To use less of something.
Reuse: To use something again.
Recycle: To convert waste into reusable materials.
Conserve: To protect and preserve natural resources.
Sustainable: Able to be maintained at a certain rate or level.

Intermediate:

Renewable Energy: Energy from sources that are naturally replenished.
Solar Energy: Energy from the sun.
Wind Energy: Energy from the wind.
Water Conservation: Saving water.
Waste Management: The process of handling waste.

Advanced:

Carbon Footprint: The total amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused by an individual, organization, event, or product.
Carbon Neutral: Having a net zero carbon footprint.
Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Environmental Policy: Government policies related to the environment.
Environmental Activism: Actions taken to protect the environment.
Circular Economy: An economic system aimed at minimizing waste and making the most of resources.
Green Technology: Environmentally friendly technology.
Precautionary Principle: The principle that if an action or policy has a suspected risk of causing harm to the public or the environment, in the absence of scientific consensus that the action or policy is harmful, the burden of proof that it is not harmful falls on those taking⁵ an action or advocating a policy.

6. Government vs. Individual Roles:

Basic:

Government: The system by which a state or community is controlled.
Individual: A single human being.
Responsibility: A duty or obligation.

Intermediate:

Policy: A course of action adopted by a government or organization.
Regulation: A rule or law.
Citizen: A member of a community or country.
Consumer: A person who buys goods or services.

Advanced:

Environmental Law: Laws related to the environment.
Public Awareness: Knowledge and understanding of environmental issues among the public.
Corporate Social Responsibility: The responsibility of businesses to act ethically and sustainably.
Grassroots Movements: Movements driven by local communities.
Lobbying: Attempting to influence government policy.
Environmental Justice: The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, colour, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.
Stewardship: The responsible management of something entrusted to one's care.

Family and children

1. Family Roles:

Basic:

Family: A group of related people.
Mother: Female parent.
Father: Male parent.
Child: A young person.
Sibling: A brother or sister.
Parent: A mother or father.
Grandparent: Parent of a parent.

Intermediate:

Nuclear Family: A family consisting of parents and their children.
Extended Family: A family that includes grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins.
Single-Parent Family: A family with only one parent.
Guardian: A person legally responsible for a child.
Caregiver: A person who takes care of a child.
Breadwinner: The family member who earns the most money.

Advanced:

Patriarchal Family: A family where the father is the head of the household.
Matriarchal Family: A family where the mother is the head of the household.
Joint Family: A large family where multiple generations live together.
Family Dynamics: The interactions and relationships within a family.
Family Values: The beliefs and principles that a family holds dear.
Intergenerational Relationships: Relationships between different generations within a family.
Co-parenting: The shared responsibility of raising a child by parents who are separated or divorced.

2. Family Size:

Basic:

Size: The number of people in a family.
Large Family: A family with many children.
Small Family: A family with few children.

Intermediate:

Fertility Rate: The average number of children born per woman.
Population Growth: The increase in the number of people in a population.
Family Planning: The practice of controlling the number of children one has.

Advanced:

Demographics: The study of population statistics.
Socioeconomic Factors: Social and economic conditions that influence family size.
Cultural Norms: Shared beliefs and practices about family size within a culture.
Overpopulation: The condition of having a population so dense as to cause environmental deterioration, an impaired quality of life, or even starvation.
Replacement Rate: The fertility rate needed to maintain a stable population size.

3. The Generation Gap:

Basic:

Generation: A group of people born around the same time.
Gap: A difference or separation.

Intermediate:

Generation Gap: Differences in values and attitudes between generations.
Communication: The process of exchanging information.
Understanding: The ability to comprehend something.

Advanced:

Social Change: Changes in society over time.
Cultural Differences: Differences in beliefs and practices between generations.
Technological Advancements: Developments in technology that can contribute to the generation gap.
Misunderstanding: Failure to understand something correctly.
Bridging the Gap: Efforts to improve communication and understanding between generations.

4. Discipline:

Basic:

Discipline: The practice of training someone to obey rules.
Rules: Regulations that must be followed.
Behaviour: The way someone acts.

Intermediate:

Positive Reinforcement: Rewarding good behavior.
Consequences: The results of an action.
Punishment: Consequences for bad behaviour.

Advanced:

Child Development: The process of a child's growth and development.
Parenting Styles: Different approaches to raising children.
Corporal Punishment: Physical punishment.
Psychological Discipline: Discipline that focuses on emotional and mental well-being.
Self-Discipline: The ability to control one's own behaviour.
Setting Boundaries: Establishing limits for acceptable behaviour.

5. Role Models:

Basic:

Role Model: A person whose behaviour serves as an example for others.
Respect: Treating others with courtesy and consideration.
Influence: The power to affect someone's behaviour or thinking.

Intermediate:

Positive Influence: A good effect on someone's behaviour or thinking.
Negative Influence: A bad effect on someone's behaviour or thinking.
Inspiration: The process of being mentally stimulated to do or feel something, especially to do something creative or worthwhile.

Advanced:

Character: The mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual.
Values: Principles or standards of behaviour.
Mentorship: Guidance and support provided by a mentor.
Internalization: The process of adopting beliefs or values as one's own.
Socialization: The process of learning social norms and values.

6. Family and Education:

Basic:

Education: The process of teaching and learning.
School: An institution for teaching children.
Learning: Acquiring knowledge and skills.

Intermediate:

Parental Involvement: Parents' participation in their children's education.
Academic Achievement: Students' success in school.
Home Learning: Learning that takes place at home.

Advanced:

Socioeconomic Status: A person's social and economic position.
Educational Opportunities: Access to quality education.
Family Support: Emotional and practical support provided by family members.
Early Childhood Education: Education for young children.
Literacy: The ability to read and write.
Numeracy: The ability to understand and work with numbers.
Lifelong Learning: The ongoing pursuit of knowledge and skills throughout life.

Food

1. Healthy Diets:

Basic:

Food: Substances eaten to maintain life and growth.
Healthy: Good for your health.
Diet: The kinds of food a person or animal habitually eats.
Fruit: Sweet and fleshy product of a tree or other plant.
Vegetable: A plant or part of a plant used as food.
Protein: Nutrients that help build and repair tissues.
Carbohydrates: Nutrients that provide energy.
Vitamins: Organic compounds needed for normal growth and health.
Minerals: Inorganic substances needed for body function.

Intermediate:

Balanced Diet: A diet that contains the proper proportions of nutrients.
Nutrient-Dense Foods: Foods that are high in nutrients and low in calories.
Portion Control: Managing the amount of food you eat.
Hydration: Consuming enough fluids.
Fiber: Indigestible plant material that aids in digestion.
Unsaturated Fats: Healthy fats found in plant-based foods.
Saturated Fats: Less healthy fats are found in animal products.
Processed Foods: Foods that have been altered from their natural state.

Advanced:

Macronutrients: Nutrients needed in large amounts (protein, carbs, fats).
Micronutrients: Nutrients needed in small amounts (vitamins, minerals).
Glycemic Index (GI): A ranking of carbohydrates based on their immediate effect on blood glucose levels.
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): The number of calories your body burns at rest.
Caloric Deficit: Consuming fewer calories than you burn.
Antioxidants: Substances that protect cells from damage.
Phytonutrients: Naturally occurring compounds in plants that have health benefits.
Gut Microbiome: The community of microorganisms living in the digestive tract.
Nutrigenomics: The study of how genes affect a person's response to diet.
Epigenetics: The study of changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence.

2. Education of Diets:

Basic:

Nutrition: The process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth.
Information: Facts provided or learned about something.
Awareness: Knowledge or perception of a situation or fact.

Intermediate:

Nutritional Guidelines: Recommendations for healthy eating.
Food Labels: Information on packaged foods about their nutritional content.
Health Education: Teaching about health and healthy behaviours.
Dietary Recommendations: Advice on what to eat for good health.

Advanced:

Public Health Nutrition: The application of nutrition science to improve the health of populations.
Nutritional Epidemiology: The study of the relationship between diet and disease.
Dietary Assessment: Methods for measuring food and nutrient intake.
Behavioural Change Interventions: Programs designed to help people change their eating habits.
Health Literacy: The degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions.
Food Policy: Government policies that affect food production, distribution, and consumption.

3. Traditional vs. Modern Diets:

Basic:

Traditional: Customs or beliefs handed down from generation to generation.
Modern: Relating to the present or recent times.
Local Foods: Foods grown or produced in a specific area.
Global Foods: Foods available worldwide.

Intermediate:

Whole Foods: Foods that are unprocessed or minimally processed.
Convenience Foods: Foods that are easy to prepare.
Cultural Foods: Foods associated with a particular culture.
Seasonal Foods: Foods that are available at certain times of the year.

Advanced:

Food Security: Access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food.

Food Sovereignty: The right of people to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods.
Industrial Agriculture: Large-scale, intensive farming practices.
Subsistence Farming: Farming primarily for self-sufficiency.
Food Preservation: Methods for extending the shelf life of food.
Culinary Traditions: The cooking practices and food customs of a region or culture.
Agrobiodiversity: The variety of animals, plants and micro-organisms that are used directly or indirectly for food and agriculture.

4. Fast Food:

Basic:

Fast Food: Food that can be prepared and served quickly.
Restaurant: A place where meals are prepared and served to customers.
Takeout: Food prepared in a restaurant and eaten elsewhere.

Intermediate:

Processed Ingredients: Ingredients that have been altered from their natural state.
High-Calorie: Containing a large number of calories.
Low-Nutrient: Providing few nutrients.
Convenience: The state of being convenient.

Advanced:

Food Industry: The complex network of farmers and companies that supply much of the food consumed by the world's population.
Marketing Strategies: Techniques used to promote fast food.
Public Health Concerns: Health problems associated with fast food consumption.
Food Deserts: Areas where access to affordable, healthy food is limited.
Obesogenic Environment: An environment that promotes obesity.
Food Addiction: A condition characterized by compulsive consumption of highly palatable foods.

5. Children and Diet:

Basic:

Childhood: The period of a person's life when they are a child.
Growth: The process of increasing in size.
Development: The process of developing or being developed.

Intermediate:

Nutritional Needs: The specific nutrients children need for growth and development.
Picky Eating: The refusal to eat certain foods.
Childhood Obesity: The condition of being overweight or obese as a child.
Healthy Eating Habits: Practices that promote good nutrition.

Advanced:

Early Childhood Nutrition: The importance of nutrition in the first few years of life.
Food Allergies: Adverse immune responses to food.
Food Insecurity: Limited or uncertain access to adequate food.
Parental Influence: The impact of parents' eating habits on their children.
School Nutrition Programs: Programs that provide healthy meals and snacks to children at school.
Developmental Milestones: Key stages of physical, cognitive, and social development in children.
Nutritional Deficiencies: A condition that occurs when the body doesn't get enough nutrients.

Work

1. Shift Work:

Basic:

Shift: A scheduled period of work.
Night Shift: Working during the night.
Day Shift: Working during the day.
Schedule: A plan for work times.

Intermediate:

Rotating Shifts: Changing work times regularly.
Overnight Work: Working through the night.
Sleep Deprivation: Lack of adequate sleep.
Fatigue: Extreme tiredness.
Work-Life Balance: Balancing work and personal life.

Advanced:

Circadian Rhythm: The body's natural sleep-wake cycle.
Chronobiology: The study of biological rhythms.
Shift Work Disorder: A sleep disorder caused by working irregular hours.
Performance Impairment: Reduced ability to perform tasks.
Health Risks: Potential negative effects on health from shift work.
Ergonomics: The study of people's efficiency in their working environment.

2. Women in Work:

Basic:

Woman: Adult female.
Workforce: The people available for work.
Job: A paid position of regular employment.

Intermediate:

Gender Equality: Equal rights and opportunities for men and women.
Career Advancement: Progressing in a job or profession.
Workplace Discrimination: Unfair treatment based on gender.
Maternity Leave: Time off work for having a baby.

Advanced:

Gender Pay Gap: The difference in earnings between men and women.
Glass Ceiling: An invisible barrier preventing women from reaching top positions.
Workplace Harassment: Unwelcome behaviour in the workplace.
Affirmative Action: Policies designed to increase opportunities for disadvantaged groups.
Representation: The presence of women in leadership roles.
Intersectionality: The interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage.¹

3. Types of Jobs (Blue Collar/White Collar):

Basic:

Job: A paid position of regular employment.

Work: Activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose or result.²

Intermediate:

Blue-collar worker: Someone who performs manual labor.
White-Collar Worker: Someone who works in an office or professional setting.
Manual Labor: Physical work.
Professional Job: A job requiring specialized education or training.

Advanced:

Service Sector: Jobs providing services rather than producing goods.
Industrial Sector: Jobs related to manufacturing.
Knowledge Worker: Someone whose job involves handling or using information.
Gig Economy: A labor market characterized by the prevalence of short-term contracts or freelance work as opposed to permanent jobs.
Automation: The use of technology to perform tasks previously done by humans.
Occupational Mobility: The ability to move between different types of jobs.

4. Children and Exploration:

Basic:

Child: A young human being.
Exploration: The act of investigating or exploring.
Play: Engaging in activities for enjoyment and recreation.

Intermediate:

Curiosity: A strong desire to know or learn something.
Learning Through Play: Acquiring knowledge and skills through play.
Early Development: The process of growth and development in young children.
Skill Development: The process of learning and improving skills.

Advanced:

Cognitive Development: The development of thinking and reasoning skills.
Intrinsic Motivation: Motivation driven by internal rewards.
Discovery Learning: Learning through exploration and experimentation.
Creativity: The ability to generate new ideas or concepts.
Problem-Solving: The process of finding solutions to complex issues.
Inquiry-Based Learning: Learning based on asking and answering questions.

5. Part-Time Work:

Basic:

Part-Time: Working fewer hours than a full-time job.
Hours: Units of time.
Flexibility: The ability to change or adapt.

Intermediate:

Work-Life Balance: Balancing work and personal life.
Flexible Schedule: A schedule that can be adjusted.
Supplemental Income: Extra money earned in addition to regular income.

Advanced:

Job Sharing: Two people sharing one full-time job.
Contingent Work: Temporary or non-permanent employment.
Underemployment: Working at a job that does not fully utilize one's skills or abilities.
Workforce Participation: The percentage of the population that is employed or seeking employment.
Economic Flexibility: The ability to adapt to changing economic conditions.
Workforce Planning: The process of analyzing an organization's current and future workforce needs.

6. Work and Technology:

Basic:

Technology: The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
Computer: An electronic device for processing data.
Internet: A global network of computers.

Intermediate:

Automation: The use of technology to perform tasks automatically.
Telecommuting: Working remotely using technology.
Digital Skills: The ability to use digital devices and software.
Online Collaboration: Working together using online tools.

Advanced:

Artificial Intelligence (AI): The simulation of human intelligence processes by machines.
Machine Learning: The ability of computers to learn without explicit programming.
Cybersecurity: Protecting computer systems and networks from attacks.
Data Analytics: The process of examining data to draw conclusions.
Digital Transformation: The process of using digital technologies to create new or modify existing business processes, culture, and⁴ customer experiences to meet changing business and market requirements.⁵
Remote Work: Working from a location other than a traditional office.

7. Employment:

Basic:

Employment: The state of having a paid job.
Job: A paid position of regular employment.

Work: Activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose or result.⁶

Intermediate:

Unemployment: The state of being without a job.
Job Market: The availability of jobs.
Hiring Process: The steps involved in getting a job.
Job Security: The likelihood of keeping a job.

Advanced:

Labor Force: The total number of people who are employed or actively seeking employment.
Unemployment Rate: The percentage of the labor force that is unemployed.
Employment Trends: Changes in the job market over time.
Labor Economics: The study of labor markets.
Human Resources: The department of a business or organization that deals with the hiring, administration, and training of personnel.⁷
Workforce Development: Activities that provide individuals with skills and knowledge to participate in the workforce.

8. Salary:

Basic:

Salary: A fixed regular payment, typically paid on a monthly or annual basis.
Pay: Money paid to someone for work.
Wage: Money paid to someone for work, typically on an hourly basis.

Intermediate:

Benefits: Additional compensation beyond salary, such as health insurance.
Compensation: Total pay and benefits.
Cost of Living: The average cost of basic necessities.
Negotiation: Discussion aimed at reaching an agreement.

Advanced:

Remuneration: Payment or other compensation received for employment.
Equity Compensation: Payment in the form of company stock or stock options.
Performance-Based Pay: Compensation tied to individual or company performance.
Minimum Wage: The lowest wage permitted by law.
Living Wage: A wage sufficient to meet basic needs.
Payroll: The total amount of wages and salaries paid by a company to its employees.

9. Equality:

Basic:

Equality: The state of being equal, especially in status, rights, or opportunities.

Fairness: Impartial and just treatment or behaviour.
Rights: Moral or legal entitlement to have or obtain something.

Intermediate:

Equal Opportunity: The right of all persons to apply for employment or promotion regardless of race, colour, religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin.
Diversity: The practice or quality of including or involving people from a range of different social and ethnic backgrounds and of different genders, sexual orientations, etc.
Inclusion: The practice or policy of providing equal access to opportunities and resources for people who might otherwise be excluded or marginalized, such as those who have physical or mental disabilities and members of other minority groups.

Advanced:

Antiracism:
- The practice of actively opposing racism in all its forms, including challenging systemic racism and advocating for racial justice.
Deconstruction:
- A critical approach that involves dismantling and analyzing prevailing assumptions, hierarchies, and power structures, particularly in relation to social categories.
Discourse:
- The way language is used to construct and communicate meaning, particularly in relation to social and political issues. Analyzing discourse helps reveal how power and inequality are maintained.
Epistemology:
- The study of knowledge, particularly how knowledge is produced and validated. In the context of equality, it involves examining how dominant perspectives shape our understanding of social reality.
Hegemony:
- The dominance or leadership of one social group over others, often through cultural influence and consent rather than force.
Ideology:
- A system of ideas and beliefs that shapes our understanding of the world and justifies social structures. Examining dominant ideologies helps reveal how inequality is perpetuated.
Intersectionality:
- A theoretical framework that recognizes how multiple social identities (e.g., race, gender, class, sexuality) intersect and create unique experiences of oppression and privilege.
Postcolonialism:
- A critical perspective that examines the legacy of colonialism and its ongoing impact on social, political, and cultural relations.
Social Construct:
- An idea or concept that exists because society agrees it exists. Many social categories, such as race and gender, are social constructs.
Subaltern:
- A term used to describe marginalized or oppressed groups who are excluded from dominant power structures.
Agency:
- The capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices.
Redistribution:
- The act of distributing something differently or again, especially income, wealth, or resources.
Representation politics:

The activity of making citizens "present" in public political processes and policy-making.

Health

1. Prevention vs. Cure:

Basic:

Health: State of being free from illness or injury.
Prevention: Stopping something from happening.
Cure: To heal or make well.
Illness: A disease or period of sickness.
Disease: A disorder of structure or function.

Intermediate:

Prophylaxis: Action taken to prevent disease.
Immunization: Process of making a person resistant to an infectious disease.
Vaccination: Administration of a vaccine to stimulate an immune response.
Treatment: Medical care given for a disease or injury.
Remedy: A medicine or treatment for a disease or injury.

Advanced:

Epidemiology: The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations.¹
Public Health: The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through organized efforts.
Primary Prevention: Preventing disease before it occurs.
Secondary Prevention: Early detection and intervention to stop progression.
Tertiary Prevention: Reducing the impact of established disease.
Palliative Care: Care focused on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life for those with serious illnesses.
Pathogenesis: The manner in which a disease develops.

2. Funding:

Basic:

Money: A medium of exchange.
Funding: Providing financial resources.
Budget: An estimate of income and expenditure.
Cost: The amount required to purchase something.

Intermediate:

Healthcare Spending: The amount of money spent on healthcare.
Public Funding: Money provided by the government.
Private Funding: Money provided by individuals or organizations.
Grants: Financial assistance given for a specific purpose.

Advanced:

Healthcare Economics: The study of how resources are allocated in the healthcare sector.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: Comparing the cost of different healthcare interventions with their outcomes.
Health Insurance: Coverage for medical expenses.
Pharmaceutical Funding: Funding for the development and distribution of medications.
Research Funding: Money allocated for medical research.
Capitation: A payment system where healthcare providers receive a fixed amount per patient.

3. Health and Education:

Basic:

Education: The process of teaching and learning.
Knowledge: Information and skills acquired through learning.
Awareness: Knowledge or perception of a situation or fact.

Intermediate:

Health Literacy: The degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information.²
Health Education: Teaching about health and healthy behaviors.
Preventive Education: Education focused on preventing health problems.

Advanced:

Behavioral Health: The connection between behaviors and the health and well-being of the body, mind, and spirit.
Social Determinants of Health: The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age that affect health outcomes.
Community Health Education: Programs aimed at improving the health of communities.
Health Promotion: The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health.

4. Poor Countries and Rich Countries:

Basic:

Poor: Lacking sufficient money or resources.
Rich: Having a great deal of money or resources.
Development: The process of developing or being developed.

Intermediate:

Developing Countries: Countries with less developed industrial bases.
Developed Countries: Countries with advanced industrial economies.
Health Disparities: Differences in health outcomes between populations.

Advanced:

Global Health: The area of study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health³ for all people worldwide.
Health Equity: The attainment of the highest level of health for all people.
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): Eight international development goals for 2015.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Seventeen global goals set by the United Nations.
Structural Violence: Social structures that harm or disadvantage individuals.

5. Health Aid:

Basic:

Aid: Help or support.
Donation: Giving something as a gift.
Assistance: Help or support.

Intermediate:

Humanitarian Aid: Assistance provided to people in distress.
Medical Aid: Assistance related to medical care.
International Aid: Assistance provided by one country to another.

Advanced:

Development Assistance: Aid given to support economic and social development.
Foreign Aid: Assistance given by governments to other countries.
Capacity Building: Developing skills and resources to improve performance.
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): Organizations that are independent of government and work to address social issues.

6. Dealing with Global Epidemics:

Basic:

Epidemic: A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease.
Pandemic: An epidemic that has spread over a large region.
Outbreak: A sudden occurrence of a disease.

Intermediate:

Quarantine: Isolation to prevent the spread of disease.
Containment: Measures taken to prevent the spread of a disease.
Surveillance: Monitoring the spread of a disease.

Advanced:

Virology: The study of viruses.
Immunology: The study of the immune system.
Public Health Emergency: A serious public health threat.
Contact Tracing: Identifying and monitoring individuals who may have been exposed to a disease.
Herd Immunity: Resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population.
Zoonotic Disease: A disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans.

7. Hospitals and Treatment:

Basic:

Hospital: An institution providing medical or surgical treatment.
Treatment: Medical care given for a disease or injury.
Doctor: A person qualified to practice medicine.
Nurse: A person trained to care for the sick or infirm.

Intermediate:

Diagnosis: Identification of the nature of an illness.
Surgery: Medical procedure involving incisions.
Medication: A substance used for medical treatment.
Rehabilitation: Restoring someone to health or normal life.

Advanced:

Clinical Trials: Research studies that explore whether a medical strategy, treatment, or device is safe and effective for humans.⁴
Inpatient Care: Care provided to patients admitted to a hospital.
Outpatient Care: Care provided to patients who do not require hospitalization.
Medical Technology: Tools and devices used in medical care.
Telemedicine: The remote diagnosis and treatment of patients by means of telecommunications technology.

8. Obesity:

Basic:

Obesity: The condition of being grossly fat or overweight.
Weight: A body's relative mass or the quantity of matter it contains.
Diet: The kinds of food a person or animal habitually eats.

Intermediate:

Body Mass Index (BMI): A person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters.
Metabolic Syndrome: A cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
Calorie: A unit of energy.

Advanced:

Adiposity: The condition of being obese.
Comorbidity: The simultaneous presence of two or more diseases or medical conditions in a patient.
Nutritional Epidemiology: The study of the relationship between diet and disease.
Endocrinology: The branch of physiology and medicine concerned with endocrine glands and hormones.

9. Exercise and Health:

Basic:

Exercise: Activity requiring physical effort.
Fitness: The condition of being physically fit and healthy.
Activity: The condition of being active.

Intermediate:

Cardiovascular Exercise: Exercise that improves heart and lung function.
Strength Training: Exercise that builds muscle strength.
Flexibility: The quality of bending easily without breaking.

Advanced:

Kinesiology: The study of the mechanics of body movements.
Physiology: The branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.
Aerobic Exercise: Exercise that increases oxygen consumption.
Anaerobic Exercise: Exercise that does not rely on oxygen.
Biomechanics: The study of the mechanical laws relating to the movement or structure of living organisms.

Language

1. Having Only One Language in the World:

Basic:

Language: A system of communication.
Universal: Applicable to all cases.
Communication: The act of conveying information.
World: The earth and all people and things on it.

Intermediate:

Global Language: A language spoken throughout the world.
Lingua Franca: A language used for communication between speakers of different languages.
Standardization: The process of making something conform to a standard.
Homogeneity: The quality of being uniform or similar.

Advanced:

Linguistic Imperialism: The imposition of one language on speakers of other languages.
Cultural Hegemony: The dominance of one culture over others.
Language Policy: A set of rules and regulations related to language use.
Linguistic Diversity: The variety of languages spoken in a particular area.
Cognitive Linguistics: the study of language in relation to thought, experience, and the human mind.
Sociolinguistics: the study of language in relation to society.

2. Methods of Language Learning:

Basic:

Learn: To gain knowledge or skill.
Study: To devote time and attention to acquiring knowledge.
Practice: To perform an activity repeatedly to improve.
Vocabulary: The words known by a person.

Intermediate:

Immersion: Learning a language by being surrounded by it.
Grammar: The rules of a language.
Pronunciation: The way a word is spoken.
Fluency: The ability to speak a language easily and accurately.

Advanced:

Second Language Acquisition (SLA): The process of learning a language in addition to one's native language.
Bilingualism: The ability to speak two languages fluently.
Multilingualism: The ability to speak multiple languages fluently.
Applied Linguistics: The study of language-related issues in real-world contexts.
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT): An approach to language teaching that emphasizes communication.
Cognitive Load: The total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory.
Interlanguage: The language system used by a learner of a second language.

3. Travel and Language:

Basic:

Travel: To go from one place to another.
Communication: The act of conveying information.
Culture: The customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group.

Intermediate:

Cultural Exchange: The sharing of ideas, information, and customs between different cultures.
Cultural Sensitivity: Awareness of and respect for cultural differences.
Adaptation: The process of adjusting to a new environment.
Foreign Language: A language spoken in a country other than one's own.

Advanced:

Cross-Cultural Communication: Communication between people from different cultures.
Ethnolinguistics: The study of the relationship between language and culture.
Acculturation: The process of adopting the cultural traits or social patterns of another group.
Cultural Competence: The ability to interact effectively with people from different cultures.
Language Accommodation: Adjusting one's speech to match that of another person or group.
Code-Switching: The practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation.

4. The Disappearance of Language:

Basic:

Disappear: To cease to exist.
Extinction: The state or process of a species becoming extinct.
Preservation: The action or process of preserving or protecting something.

Intermediate:

Language Death: The extinction of a language.
Language Revitalization: Efforts to revive a language that is dying or extinct.
Endangered Language: A language that is at risk of extinction.
Linguistic Diversity: The variety of languages spoken in a particular area.

Advanced:

Language Documentation: The process of recording and describing endangered languages.
Language Shift: The process by which a community switches from speaking one language to another.
Cultural Loss: The loss of cultural traditions, practices, and knowledge.
Linguistic Rights: The rights of individuals and groups to use their own languages.
Language Policy and Planning: Government or organizational strategies for managing language use.
Language Attrition: The loss of proficiency in a first or second language.

5. Language and Culture:

Basic:

Culture: The customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group.

Tradition: Customs or beliefs handed down from generation to generation.
Identity: The characteristics determining who or what a person or thing is.

Intermediate:

Cultural Identity: The identity or feeling of belonging to a group.
Cultural Values: The beliefs and principles that a culture holds dear.
Cultural Norms: Shared beliefs and practices within a culture.
Worldview: A particular philosophy of life or conception of the world.

Advanced:

Linguistic Relativity (Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis): The idea that the structure of a language affects its speakers' worldview or cognition.
Cultural Transmission: The way a group of people within a society or culture tend to learn and pass on information.
Cultural Semiotics: The study of signs and symbols in culture.
Discourse Analysis: The study of language in its social context.
Cultural Narratives: Stories and myths that shape a culture's understanding of itself.
Oral Traditions: Cultural material transmitted orally from one generation to another.

Media and Advertising

1. Censorship, Control, and Freedom of Speech:

Basic:

Media: Communication channels.
Censorship: Suppression of speech or publication.
Control: Power to influence or direct.
Freedom of Speech: Right to express opinions without restraint.
Information: Facts provided or learned.

Intermediate:

Propaganda: Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view.

Regulation: Rules or directives made and maintained by an authority.
Suppression: Forcible prevention.
Self-Censorship: Voluntarily withholding information.
Access to Information: The right to obtain and disseminate information.

Advanced:

Authoritarianism: A political system that denies popular participation in government.
Totalitarianism: A system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state.
Disinformation: False information that is deliberately spread to deceive.
Misinformation: False or inaccurate information, especially that which is deliberately intended to deceive.
Surveillance: Close observation, especially of a suspected spy or criminal.
Editorial Control: The power to decide what is published or broadcast.
First Amendment (US): Guarantees freedom of speech, press, assembly, religion, and petition.
Prior Restraint: Government action that prohibits expression before it takes place.

2. Advertising Methods:

Basic:

Advertising: Promoting products or services.
Commercial: A paid advertisement.
Slogan: A short, memorable phrase.
Brand: A name or symbol associated with a product.
Target Audience: The group of people an ad is aimed at.

Intermediate:

Marketing: The activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.
Promotion: Activities that communicate the merits of the product and persuade target customers to buy it.
Public Relations (PR): The professional maintenance of a favourable public image by a company or other organization.
Product Placement: Featuring products within entertainment media.
Social Media Marketing: Using social media platforms for advertising.

Advanced:

Neuromarketing: The study of how the brain responds to marketing stimuli.
Viral Marketing: Marketing that relies on social networks to spread information.
Guerrilla Marketing: Unconventional marketing tactics.
Subliminal Advertising: Advertising that operates below the level of conscious awareness.
Consumer Behavior: The study of how people make purchasing decisions.
Market Segmentation: Dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers.
A/B Testing: A method of comparing two versions of a marketing asset to see which performs better.
Metrics: Quantifiable measures used to track and assess the status of a specific process.

3. Children and Advertising:

Basic:

Child: A young human being.
Influence: The power to affect someone's behaviour.
Persuasion: The action or process of persuading someone or of being persuaded.

Intermediate:

Targeting: Aiming advertising at a specific group.
Consumerism: The preoccupation with the purchasing of consumer goods.
Ethical Concerns: Moral issues related to advertising to children.
Vulnerable Audience: A group that is easily influenced.

Advanced:

Developmental Psychology: The scientific study of how and why human beings change over the course of their life.
Regulation of Advertising: Laws and rules governing advertising to children.
Cognitive Development: The development of thinking and reasoning skills.
Media Literacy: The ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in a variety of forms.
Psychological Manipulation: Influencing someone’s behaviour through abusive or insidious means.

4. Media and Technology:

Basic:

Technology: The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
Digital Media: Content accessed through digital devices.
Internet: A global network of computers.
Social Media: Websites and applications that enable users to create and share content.

Intermediate:

Convergence: The merging of different media technologies.
Digital Divide: The gap between those who have access to technology and those who don't.
Algorithms: Processes or sets of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations.
Data Privacy: Protecting personal information online.

Advanced:

Artificial Intelligence (AI): The simulation of human intelligence processes by machines.
Virtual Reality (VR): Simulated experience that can be similar to or completely different from the real world.
Augmented Reality (AR): An enhanced version of reality created by the use of technology to overlay digital information on an image of something being viewed through a⁴ device.
Big Data: Extremely large data sets that may be analyzed computationally to reveal patterns, trends, and associations, especially relating to human behavior⁵ and interactions.
Information Overload: Exposure to or provision of too much information or data.
Filter Bubbles: The intellectual isolation that can occur when websites use algorithms to selectively assume the information a user would want to see, and then give only that information to the user.
Deep Fakes: Videos or other digital representations in which a person’s likeness has been convincingly replaced with that of someone else.

5. News and Reporting:

Basic:

News: Information about current events.
Reporting: Giving an account of something.
Journalist: A person who writes news stories.
Source: A person or thing that provides information.

Intermediate:

Bias: Prejudice in favour of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.
Objectivity: Not influenced by personal feelings or opinions.
Accuracy: The quality or state of being correct or precise.
Credibility: The quality of being trusted and believed in.
Sensationalism: The use of exciting or shocking stories or language at the expense of accuracy, in order to provoke public interest or excitement.⁸

Advanced:

Investigative Journalism: In-depth reporting that uncovers hidden information.
Fact-Checking: Verifying the accuracy of information.
Media Ethics: Moral principles that govern media practices.
Citizen Journalism: News reported by members of the public.
Media Consolidation: The trend for media ownership to become concentrated in the hands of fewer and fewer corporations.
Echo Chambers: An environment in which a person encounters only beliefs or opinions that coincide with their own so that their existing views are reinforced and alternative ideas are not considered.
Propaganda Model: A theoretical model explaining how propaganda and systemic biases function in mass media.
Framing: The way in which news is presented, influencing how it is perceived by the audience.

Other Topics:

1. Space Exploration:

Basic:

Space: The region beyond Earth's atmosphere.
Planet: A celestial body orbiting a star.
Star: A luminous ball of gas.
Rocket: A vehicle propelled by a rocket engine.
Astronaut: A person trained to travel in space.
Moon: A natural satellite orbiting a planet.

Intermediate:

Orbit: The curved path of a celestial object.
Galaxy: A vast system of stars, gas, and dust.
Solar System: The Sun and the celestial bodies orbiting it.
Satellite: An artificial body placed in orbit.
Spacecraft: A vehicle designed for space travel.
Cosmonaut: A Russian astronaut.
Exoplanet: A planet outside our solar system.

Advanced:

Astrophysics: The branch of astronomy concerned with the physical properties of celestial bodies.
Cosmology: The study of the origin and evolution of the universe.
Terraforming: The hypothetical process of modifying a planet to make it habitable.
Interstellar Travel: Travel between stars.
Gravitational Waves: Ripples in the curvature of spacetime.
Dark Matter: A hypothetical form of matter that is thought to account for approximately 85% of the matter in the universe.
Astrobiology: The study of the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe.
Space-Time Continuum: A four-dimensional model of the universe combining the three dimensions of space with the single dimension of time.
Singularity (Black Hole): A point in space-time where gravitational forces are so strong that nothing—not even light—can escape.

2. Water and Ocean:

Basic:

Water: A liquid essential for life.
Ocean: A large body of saltwater.
Sea: A large body of saltwater, often part of an ocean.
River: A large natural stream of water.
Lake: A large body of fresh or saltwater surrounded by land.
Wave: A disturbance on the surface of the water.

Intermediate:

Current: A continuous directed movement of water.
Tide: The rise and fall of sea levels.
Marine Life: Organisms that live in the ocean.
Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with their environment.
Hydrosphere: All the waters on Earth's surface.
Salinity: The saltiness of water.
Aquatic: Growing or living in water.

Advanced:

Oceanography: The scientific study of the ocean.
Hydrodynamics: The branch of science concerned with forces acting on or exerted by fluids.
Abyssal Zone: The deepest part of the ocean.
Thermocline: A layer in a body of water where the temperature changes rapidly with depth.
Upwelling: A process where deep, cold water rises towards the surface.
Ocean Acidification: The ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.²
Marine Biology: The scientific study of organisms in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water.
Continental Shelf: The extended perimeter of each continent and associated coastal plain.
El Niño/La Niña: Complex weather patterns resulting from variations in ocean temperatures in the equatorial Pacific.

3. Change or Moving vs. Stability and Consistency:

Basic:

Change: To make or become different.
Move: To go from one place to another.
Stability: The state of being stable.
Consistency: Conformity in the application of something.

Intermediate:

Transition: The process of changing from one state to another.
Transformation: A thorough or dramatic change.
Equilibrium: A state of balance.
Persistence: Firm or obstinate continuance in a course of action.
Adaptation: The process of adjusting to new conditions.
Fluctuation: An irregular rising and falling in number or amount.

Advanced:

Dynamic Equilibrium: A state of balance between continuing processes.
Homeostasis: The tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements.
Paradigm Shift: A fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions.
Entropy: A measure of disorder or randomness.
Resilience: The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties.
Stasis: A period or state of inactivity or equilibrium.
Mutability: Liable or likely to change.
Inertia: A tendency to do nothing or to remain unchanged.
Teleology: The explanation of phenomena by the purpose they serve rather than by postulated causes.

Reading

1. Paper Books vs. eBooks:

Basic:

Book: A written or printed work.
Paper: Material written or printed on.
eBook: An electronic book.
Read: To look at and comprehend the meaning of written or printed matter.
Page: One side of a leaf of paper in a book.
Device: A tool or piece of equipment.

Intermediate:

Format: The way in which something is arranged or set out.
Accessibility: The quality of being easily reached or used.
Portability: The ability to be easily carried or moved.
Tangible: Perceptible by touch.
Digital: In electronic or machine-readable form.
Storage: The retention of retrievable data on a computer or other electronic system.

Advanced:

Ergonomics: The study of people's efficiency in their working environment.
Materiality: The quality or character of being physical or material.
Digital Preservation: The methods used to ensure digital information remains accessible.
Sensory Experience: Experience derived from the senses.
Intellectual Property: Creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, designs, symbols, names, and images used in commerce.
Metadata: Data that provides information about other data.
User Interface: The means by which a user interacts with a computer or other electronic system.

2. Children and Reading:

Basic:

Child: A young human being.
Story: An account of imaginary or real people and events.
Word: A single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing.
Picture: A visual representation of something.
Learn: To gain knowledge or skill.

Intermediate:

Literacy: The ability to read and write.
Imagination: The faculty or action of forming new ideas.
Comprehension: The ability to understand something.
Phonics: A method of teaching reading by correlating sounds with letters or groups of letters in an alphabetic writing system.
Vocabulary Development: The process of acquiring new words.
Cognitive Development: The development of thinking and reasoning skills.

Advanced:

Early Literacy: The skills and knowledge that precede conventional reading and writing.
Reading Fluency: The ability to read a text accurately, quickly, and with proper expression.
Critical Thinking: The objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment.
Narrative Development: The process of acquiring the ability to understand and produce stories.
Intrinsic Motivation: Motivation driven by internal rewards.
Emergent Literacy: The ongoing and developing process of learning to read and write.
Schema Theory: A cognitive theory about information processing.

3. Books in Education:

Basic:

School: An institution for educating children.
Teacher: A person who teaches.
Textbook: A book used as a standard work for the study of a particular subject.
Knowledge: Information and skills acquired through learning.
Subject: A branch of knowledge studied or taught in a school or college.

Intermediate:

Curriculum: The subjects comprising a course of study in a school or college.
Learning Resources: Materials designed to support learning.
Academic Achievement: Students' success in school.
Research: The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.

Reference Material: Books and other sources of information that are used for reference.

Advanced:

Pedagogy: The method and practice of teaching.
Information Literacy: The ability to find, evaluate, organize, and use information effectively.
Scholarly Works: Books and articles written by experts in a particular field.
Critical Analysis: The detailed examination and evaluation of a text.
Interdisciplinary Studies: Studies that combine multiple academic disciplines.
Educational Technology: The use of technology in educational practices.
Open Educational Resources (OER): Freely accessible, openly licensed text, media, and other digital assets that are useful for teaching, learning, and assessing.⁴

4. Librarians:

Basic:

Library: A building or room containing collections of books.
Librarian: A person in charge of or assisting in a library.
Borrow: To take and use something belonging to someone else with the intention of returning it.
Catalogue: A complete list of items, typically one in systematic order.
Resource: A source of information or supply.

Intermediate:

Information Retrieval: The process of obtaining information system resources that are relevant to an information need from a collection of those resources.
Archiving: The process of storing and organizing historical records.
Digital Resources: Information available in electronic format.
Community Outreach: Providing services to people who might not otherwise have access to them.
Research Assistance: Helping people find and use information for research.

Advanced:

Information Science: The study of processes for storing and transferring information.
Metadata Management: The organization and control of data about data.
Digital Curation: The selection, preservation, maintenance, collection, and archiving of digital assets.
Knowledge Management: The processes of creating, sharing, using, and managing the knowledge and information of an organization.
Scholarly Communication: The system through which research and other scholarly writings are created, evaluated for quality, disseminated to the scholarly community, and preserved for future use.
Copyright Law: The legal rights of intellectual property owners.
Data Literacy: The ability to read, work with, analyze, and argue with data.

5. Reading and Leisure:

Basic:

Leisure: Free time.
Enjoy: To take pleasure in.
Relax: To make or become less tense or anxious.
Storytelling: The activity of telling or writing stories.
Imagination: The faculty or action of forming new ideas.

Intermediate:

Entertainment: Providing or being provided with amusement or enjoyment.
Escapism: The tendency to seek distraction and relief from unpleasant realities.
Personal Enrichment: Activities that enhance one's knowledge, skills, or personal growth.
Narrative Immersion: The experience of being deeply engaged in a story.
Reading Comprehension: The ability to understand the meaning of written text.

Advanced:

Bibliotherapy: The use of books as therapy in the treatment of mental or psychological disorders.
Reader Response Theory: A literary theory that focuses on the reader's experience of a text.
Aesthetic Experience: The experience of perceiving and enjoying something for its own sake.
Cognitive Benefits: Mental advantages derived from an activity.
Emotional Intelligence: The capacity to be aware of, control, and express one's emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously and empathetically.
Cultural Capital: The social assets of a person that promote social mobility.
Qualitative Engagement: The depth and nature of one's interaction with a text.

Art

1. Censorship of Art and Artists:

Basic:

Art: Creative expression.
Censorship: Suppression of expression.
Artist: One who creates art.
Control: Power to limit.
Freedom: Ability to act without restraint.

Intermediate:

Suppression: Forcible prevention.
Regulation: Rules or directives made and maintained by an authority.
Expression: The communication of feelings or ideas.
Controversy: Prolonged public disagreement or heated discussion.
Ideology: A system of ideas and ideals.

Advanced:

Iconoclasm: The rejection or destruction of religious images as heretical.
Political Satire: Art that uses humour to criticize political figures or institutions.
State-Sponsored Art: Art that is funded or commissioned by the government.
Avant-Garde: New and experimental ideas and methods in art.
Cultural Appropriation: The adoption of elements of a minority culture by members of the dominant culture.
Artistic License: The freedom of artists to deviate from facts or rules for artistic effect.
Symbolism: The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities.

2. Creativity:

Basic:

Idea: A thought or suggestion.
Imagine: To form a mental image.
Original: Not copied or imitated.
Innovation: A new method, idea, or product.
Inspiration: The process of being mentally stimulated to do or feel something.

Intermediate:

Expression: The process of making known one's thoughts or feelings.
Imagination: The faculty or action of forming new ideas.
Experimentation: The action or process of trying out new ideas or methods.
Conceptualization: The formation of a concept or idea.
Aesthetic: Concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty.

Advanced:

Divergent Thinking: A thought process used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions.
Cognitive Flexibility: The mental ability to switch between thinking about two different concepts, and to think about multiple concepts simultaneously.
Intuition: The ability to understand something immediately, without the need for conscious reasoning.
Aesthetic Judgment: The evaluation of artistic works based on their aesthetic qualities.
Epiphany: A moment of sudden revelation or insight.
Transcendence: Existence or experience beyond the normal or physical level.
Abstraction: The process of considering something independently of its associations, attributes, or concrete accompaniments.

3. Art at School:

Basic:

School: An institution for educating children.
Drawing: Making pictures with lines.
Painting: Applying colour to a surface.
Craft: An activity involving skill in making things by hand.
Learn: To gain knowledge or skill.

Intermediate:

Creativity: The use of imagination or original ideas.
Expression: The process of making known one's thoughts or feelings.
Aesthetics: The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty.
Visual Arts: Arts created primarily for visual perception.
Art Appreciation: Understanding and valuing art.

Advanced:

Art Curriculum: The planned sequence of art learning experiences.
Art Education: The teaching of art theory and practice.
Art Therapy: The use of creative methods as a means of expression and communication.
Interdisciplinary Learning: Combining art with other subjects.
Critical Analysis: The detailed examination and evaluation of a work of art.
Art History: The study of the development of the arts through time.
Studio Practice: The practical application of artistic skills in a dedicated space.

4. The Benefits of Art (Individual and Society):

Basic:

Benefit: An advantage or profit gained from something.
Individual: A single human being.
Society: The aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community.
Expression: The process of making known one's thoughts or feelings.
Culture: The customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group.

Intermediate:

Personal Growth: The process of improving oneself through various means.
Social Cohesion: The bonds that bring people together in a society.
Cultural Preservation: Efforts to maintain and protect cultural heritage.
Emotional Well-being: The overall state of one's emotions.
Cognitive Development: The development of thinking and reasoning skills.

Advanced:

Cultural Identity: The identity or feeling of belonging to a group.
Social Commentary: Art that provides observations or critiques about society.
Therapeutic Value: The healing or beneficial effects of art.
Aesthetic Appreciation: The ability to understand and value beauty.
Civic Engagement: Working to make a difference in the civic life of one's community.
Cultural Diplomacy: The use of cultural exchange to foster mutual understanding between nations.
Symbolic Representation: The use of images and symbols to convey complex ideas.

5. Funding:

Basic:

Money: A medium of exchange.
Support: Assistance or encouragement.
Grant: A sum of money given by an organization.
Donation: Something that is given to a charity.
Budget: An estimate of income and expenditure for a set period of time.

Intermediate:

Public Funding: Money provided by the government.
Private Funding: Money provided by individuals or organizations.
Philanthropy: The desire to promote the welfare of others, expressed especially by the generous donation of money to good causes.
Sponsorship: Financial support received from a sponsor.
Investment: The action or process of investing money for profit.

Advanced:

Arts Council: A government-funded body that supports the arts.
Cultural Endowment: A fund or asset held by a non-profit organization, university, foundation, or other entity that provides income for cultural activities.
Patronage: The support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows to another.
Tax Incentives: Government policies that encourage certain behaviours by reducing taxes.
Crowdfunding: The practice of funding a project or venture by raising small amounts of money from a large number of people, typically via the Internet.⁴
Arts Advocacy: Active support for the arts through lobbying, public awareness campaigns, and other means.
Cultural Economics: The branch of economics that studies the relation of culture to economic outcomes.

Business and money

1. Small vs. Large Business:

Basic:

Business: An organization that sells goods or services.
Small: Limited in size.
Large: Of great size.
Customer: A person who buys goods or services.
Product: An item that is made to be sold.

Intermediate:

Entrepreneur: A person who starts a business.
Startup: A newly established business.
Corporation: A large company or group of companies authorized to act as a single entity.
Market Share: The portion of a market controlled by a particular company or product.
Economies of Scale: Cost advantages gained by increased production.

Advanced:

Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A): The process of companies joining together or one company buying another.
Vertical Integration: The combination of different stages of production under a single company.
Horizontal Integration: The acquisition of similar companies in the same industry.
Diversification: Expanding into new markets or industries.
Scalability: The ability of a business to grow and expand.
Organizational Structure: The way a company is organized, including its hierarchy and departments.
Supply Chain Management: The management of the flow of goods and services.

2. International Business:

Basic:

International: Relating to more than one country.
Trade: The exchange of goods or services.
Import: To bring goods or services into a country.
Export: To send goods or services to another country.
Global: Relating to the whole world.

Intermediate:

Multinational Corporation (MNC): A company that operates in many countries.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Investment made by a company in a foreign country.
Tariff: A tax on imported goods.
Exchange Rate: The value of one currency in relation to another.
Globalization: The increasing interconnectedness of countries.

Advanced:

Comparative Advantage: The ability of a country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another country.
Protectionism: The policy of protecting domestic industries from foreign competition.
Trade Agreements: Agreements between countries to reduce trade barriers.
Geopolitics: The relationship between politics and geography.
Cultural Sensitivity: Awareness and respect for cultural differences.
Logistics: The detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation.
Supply Chain Resilience: The ability of a supply chain to withstand disruptions.

3. Family-Run Business:

Basic:

Family: A group of related people.
Business: An organization that sells goods or services.
Ownership: The state of possessing something.
Succession: The process of inheriting a role or position.
Tradition: Customs or beliefs passed down from generation to generation.

Intermediate:

Succession Planning: Planning for the transfer of leadership within a family business.
Nepotism: Favoritism shown to family members.
Stakeholder: A person with an interest or concern in something.
Conflict Resolution: The process of resolving disputes.
Legacy: Something handed down or received from an ancestor or predecessor.

Advanced:

Governance: The system of rules and processes by which a company is directed and controlled.
Organizational Culture: The shared values and beliefs of a company.
Family Dynamics: The interactions and relationships within a family.
Professionalization: The process of making a business more professional.
Generational Transition: The transfer of ownership and management from one generation to the next.
Strategic Alignment: Ensuring that the family's values and goals are aligned with the business's strategy.
Perpetuation: The continuation or preservation of something.

4. Management and Leadership:

Basic:

Management: The process of dealing with or controlling things or people.

Leadership: The action of leading a group of people or an organization.¹
Team: A group of people working together.
Goal: An aim or desired result.
Plan: A detailed proposal for doing or achieving something.

Intermediate:

Strategy: A plan of action designed to achieve a long-term or overall aim.
Decision-Making: The process of making choices.
Motivation: The general desire or willingness of someone to do something.
Communication: The imparting or exchanging of information or news.
Delegation: The assignment of authority or responsibility to another person.

Advanced:

Organizational Behavior: The study of how people interact within organizations.
Change Management: The process of guiding organizational change.
Strategic Planning: The process of defining an organization's strategy.
Emotional Intelligence: The ability to understand and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others.
Transformational Leadership: Leadership that inspires and motivates followers to achieve extraordinary results.
Contingency Planning: Planning for unexpected events.
Performance Management: The process of ensuring that employees' activities and outputs contribute to an organization's goals.

5. Success in Business:

Basic:

Success: The accomplishment of an aim or purpose.
Profit: Financial gain.
Growth: The process of increasing in size or number.
Market: A place where buyers and sellers meet.
Innovation: The introduction of new ideas or methods.

Intermediate:

Competitive Advantage: Factors that allow a company to produce goods or services better or more cheaply than its rivals.
Customer Satisfaction: The degree to which customers are happy with a product or service.
Brand Loyalty: Customers' commitment to a particular brand.
Market Penetration: The extent to which a product is used by customers in a particular market.
Sustainability: The ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level.

Advanced:

Disruptive Innovation: An innovation that creates a new market and value network and eventually disrupts an existing market and value network.
Return on Investment (ROI): A performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency of an investment.
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs): Measurable values that demonstrate how effectively a company is achieving key business objectives.
Strategic Partnerships: Collaborative relationships between businesses.
Financial Modeling: The process of creating a representation of a financial situation.
Risk Management: The identification, assessment, and mitigation of risks.
Value Proposition: The set of benefits or values a company promises to deliver to customers.

6. Business and Technology:

Basic:

Technology: The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
Digital: In electronic form.
Automation: The use of technology to perform tasks automatically.
Internet: A global computer network.
Software: Programs used by a computer.

Intermediate:

E-commerce: Buying and selling goods or services online.
Data Analytics: The process of examining data to draw conclusions.
Cybersecurity: Protecting computer systems and networks from attacks.
Cloud Computing: The practice of using remote servers to store, manage, and process data.
Digital Marketing: Marketing that uses digital technologies.

Advanced:

Artificial Intelligence (AI): The simulation of human intelligence processes by machines.
Blockchain Technology: A decentralized, distributed ledger that records transactions.
Internet of Things (IoT): The network of physical devices embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies.
Big Data: Extremely large data sets.
Digital Transformation: The process of using digital technologies to create new or modify existing business processes.
Agile Methodology: A project management approach that emphasizes flexibility and collaboration.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): Integrated management of core business processes.

7. Skills vs. Knowledge for Business:

Basic:

Skill: The ability to do something well.
Knowledge: Facts, information, and skills acquired by a person.
Learn: To gain knowledge or skill.
Apply: To use something for a particular purpose.
Experience: Practical contact with and observation of facts or events.

Intermediate:

Technical Skills: Skills related to specific tasks or technologies.
Soft Skills: Personal attributes that enable someone to interact effectively and harmoniously with other people.
Problem-Solving: The process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues.
Critical Thinking: The objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment.
Adaptability: The quality of being able to adjust to new conditions.

Communication and personality

1. Technology and Communication:

Basic:

Communication: Sharing information.
Technology: Tools and devices.
Phone: A device for talking.
Email: Electronic messages.
Text: Written messages.

Intermediate:

Digital Communication: Using digital tools to communicate.
Social Media: Online platforms for sharing content.
Instant Messaging: Real-time text communication.
Virtual Communication: Communication through technology.
Network: Interconnected systems.

Advanced:

Digital Literacy: Ability to use digital technology effectively.
Cybersecurity: Protecting digital information.
Algorithm: Process or set of rules followed in calculations.
Data Privacy: Protecting personal information.
Mediated Communication: Communication through a technological medium.
Asynchronous Communication: Communication that does not occur in real-time.
Synchronous Communication: Communication that occurs in real-time.

2. Family and Communication:

Basic:

Family: Related people.
Talk: To speak.
Listen: To pay attention to sound.
Share: To give a part of something.
Understand: To comprehend.

Intermediate:

Interpersonal Communication: Communication between people.
Family Dynamics: Interactions within a family.
Conflict Resolution: Solving disagreements.
Empathy: Understanding and sharing feelings.
Active Listening: Paying full attention while someone speaks.

Advanced:

Generational Communication: Communication between different age groups.
Attachment Theory: Theory about emotional bonds.
Family Systems Theory: Theory about families as interconnected systems.
Nonverbal Communication: Communication without words.
Communication Patterns: Recurring ways of interacting.
Dysfunctional Communication: Communication that impairs relationships.
Intergenerational Trauma: Trauma that is passed down through generations.

3. Face-to-Face vs. Long-Distance Communication:

Basic:

Face-to-face: In person.
Long-Distance: Far apart.
Talk: To speak.
See: To perceive with the eyes.
Feel: To experience emotions.

Intermediate:

Verbal Communication: Communication using words.
Nonverbal Cues: Body language, facial expressions.
Proximity: Physical closeness.
Remote Communication: Communication from a distance.
Context: The circumstances surrounding an event.

Advanced:

Proxemics: The study of spatial relationships.
Kinesics: The study of body movements.
Haptics: The study of touch.
Paralanguage: Nonverbal communication through voice.
Social Presence: Feeling connected in virtual environments.
Media Richness Theory: Theory about choosing communication channels.
Temporal Displacement: Communication across different time zones.

4. Types of Communication:

Basic:

Verbal: Using words.
Nonverbal: Without words.
Written: Using written words.
Visual: Using images.
Listen: To pay attention.

Intermediate:

Interpersonal: Between people.
Intrapersonal: Within oneself.
Group Communication: Among a group.
Public Speaking: Speaking to an audience.
Mass Communication: Communication to a large audience.

Advanced:

Organizational Communication: Communication within organizations.
Rhetoric: The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing.
Semiotics: The study of signs and symbols.
Discourse Analysis: The study of language in context.
Narrative Communication: Communication through storytelling.
Persuasive Communication: Communication to influence beliefs.
Transactional Communication: Communication as a simultaneous process.

5. The Development of Character and Personality:

Basic:

Character: Qualities of a person.
Personality: Individual differences in behaviour.
Grow: To develop physically.
Learn: To gain knowledge.
Change: To become different.

Intermediate:

Traits: Distinguishing qualities.
Values: Beliefs about what is important.
Behaviour: Actions and responses.
Influence: The power to affect someone.
Development: The process of growing.

Advanced:

Nature vs. Nurture: Debate about genetic vs. environmental influences.
Psychological Development: Changes in thinking and behaviour.
Socialization: Learning social norms.
Temperament: Inborn personality traits.
Cognitive Development: Development of thinking skills.
Moral Development: Development of ethical reasoning.
Identity Formation: Developing a sense of self.

6. Female/Male Characters:

Basic:

Female: Woman or girl.
Male: Man or boy.
Role: Function or part played.
Trait: Distinguishing quality.
Behaviour: Actions.

Intermediate:

Stereotype: Oversimplified image.
Gender Roles: Social expectations based on gender.
Archetype: Typical example.
Representation: Portrayal of characters.
Expectations: Beliefs about behaviour.

Advanced:

Gender Bias: Prejudice based on gender.
Patriarchy: System of male dominance.
Matriarchy: System of female dominance.
Feminism: Advocacy of women's rights.
Masculinity/Femininity: Traits associated with gender.
Gender Studies: Study of gender identity and expression.
Deconstruction of Gender: Critically analyzing gender roles.

Crime and Punishment

1. Prisons vs. Rehabilitation:

Basic:

Crime: An illegal act.
Prison: A place where criminals are kept.
Punishment: A penalty for wrongdoing.
Rehabilitation: Restoring someone to a normal life.
Offender: A person who commits a crime.

Intermediate:

Incarceration: Imprisonment.
Recidivism: Reoffending after punishment.
Correctional Facility: A prison or jail.
Reform: To improve by alteration or correction.
Social Reintegration: Reintroducing someone into society.

Advanced:

Penology: The study of punishment and prison management.
Restorative Justice: A system of criminal justice that focuses on repairing the harm done to victims and communities.
Deterrence: The action of discouraging an action or event through instilling doubt or fear of the consequences.
Custodial Sentence: A sentence involving imprisonment.
Community Corrections: Supervised programs for offenders in the community.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): A type of psychotherapy that helps individuals change negative thinking patterns.
Parole: The release of a prisoner temporarily or permanently before the completion of a sentence, on the promise of good behaviour.

2. Capital Punishment vs. Types of Punishment:

Basic:

Capital Punishment: The death penalty.
Punishment: A penalty for wrongdoing.
Fine: A monetary penalty.
Jail: A place for holding criminals.
Sentence: The punishment given by a court.

Intermediate:

Deterrent: Something that discourages or is intended to discourage someone from doing something.
Life Imprisonment: Imprisonment for the rest of one's life.
Probation: Supervised release.
Community Service: Unpaid work performed by an offender.
Retribution: Punishment inflicted on someone as vengeance for a wrong or criminal act.

Advanced:

Cruel and Unusual Punishment: Punishment that is considered unacceptable due to the suffering, pain, or humiliation it inflicts on the person subjected to it.
Mitigating Circumstances: Factors that lessen the severity of a crime.
Aggravating Circumstances: Factors that increase the severity of a crime.
Judicial Discretion: The power of a judge to make decisions.
Due Process: Fair treatment through the normal judicial system.
Proportionality: The principle that the severity of punishment should be proportionate to the severity of the crime.
Exoneration: The act of officially absolving someone of blame; releasing someone from a criminal charge.

3. Criminals – What Makes a Criminal:

Basic:

Criminal: A person who commits a crime.
Motive: A reason for doing something.
Behaviour: The way someone acts.
Environment: Surroundings.
Influence: The power to affect someone.

Intermediate:

Socioeconomic Factors: Social and economic conditions.
Psychological Factors: Mental and emotional factors.
Nature vs. Nurture: Debate about genetics vs. environment.
Deviance: Behavior that violates social norms.
Criminal Psychology: The study of the thoughts, feelings, and behaviours of criminals.

Advanced:

Criminology: The scientific study of crime and criminals.
Sociological Theories of Crime: Theories that explain crime based on social factors.
Psychological Theories of Crime: Theories that explain crime based on psychological factors.
Biological Theories of Crime: Theories that explain crime based on biological factors.
Differential Association Theory: The theory that individuals learn criminal behaviour from their social environment.
Strain Theory: The theory that crime results from the strain individuals experience when they are unable to achieve culturally valued goals.
Labelling Theory: The theory that individuals become criminals when they are labelled as such.

4. Major vs. Minor Crime:

Basic:

Crime: An illegal act.
Major Crime: A serious crime.
Minor Crime: A less serious crime.
Felony: A serious crime.
Misdemeanor: A less serious crime.

Intermediate:

Severity: The degree of seriousness.
Consequences: The results of an action.
Sentencing Guidelines: Rules that judges follow when sentencing criminals.
Indictment: A formal charge or accusation of a serious crime.
Prosecution: The institution and conducting of legal proceedings against someone in respect of a criminal charge.

Advanced:

Jurisprudence: The theory or philosophy of law.
Criminal Law: The body of law that relates to crime.
Statutory Offenses: Crimes defined by law.
Common Law Offenses: Crimes defined by court precedent.
Mens Rea: The intention or knowledge of wrongdoing that constitutes part of a crime.
Actus Reus: The physical act of committing a crime.
Due Process of Law: Fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement.

5. Crime and Technology:

Basic:

Technology: Tools and devices.
Cybercrime: Crime committed using computers.
Fraud: Deceptive practices.
Theft: Taking someone's property.
Evidence: Proof of a crime.

Intermediate:

Identity Theft: Stealing someone's personal information.
Hacking: Unauthorized access to computer systems.
Data Breach: Unauthorized access to sensitive data.
Digital Forensics: The recovery and investigation of material found in digital devices.
Surveillance Technology: Technology used to monitor people.

Advanced:

Cryptocurrency Fraud: Fraud involving digital currencies.
Phishing: Deceptive attempts to obtain sensitive information.
Malware: Malicious software.
Cyberterrorism: The use of technology to carry out terrorist attacks.
Darknet: A network within the Internet that can only be accessed with specific software, configurations, or authorization.
Biometrics: The measurement and statistical analysis of people's unique physical and behavioral characteristics.
Encryption: The process of encoding information so that only authorized parties can access it.

6. Teenagers and Crime:

Basic:

Teenager: A person aged 13-19.
Juvenile Delinquency: Criminal behavior by minors.
Peer Pressure: Influence from one's social group.
Rebellion: Resistance to authority.
Consequences: The results of actions.

Intermediate:

Juvenile Justice System: The system of courts and agencies dealing with juvenile offenders.
Rehabilitation Programs: Programs designed to help young offenders.
Risk Factors: Factors that increase the likelihood of criminal behavior.
Protective Factors: Factors that decrease the likelihood of criminal behavior.
Parental Influence: The impact of parents on their children's behavior.

Advanced:

Developmental Criminology: The study of the development of criminal behavior over the life course.
Juvenile Court: A court with special authority over minors.
Diversion Programs: Programs that divert young offenders from the formal justice system.
Youth Offending Teams: Multi-agency teams that work with young offenders.
Restorative Practices: Practices that focus on repairing harm and building relationships.
Adjudication: The formal judgment on a disputed matter.
Recidivism Rates: The rate at which convicted criminals reoffend.

7. Role of Policeman:

Basic:

Policeman/Policewoman: A law enforcement officer.
Law Enforcement: The activity of enforcing laws.
Protect: To keep safe from harm.
Serve: To perform duties for others.
Investigate: To carry out a systematic or formal inquiry.

Intermediate:

Community Policing: A strategy of policing that focuses on building relationships with the community.
Crime Prevention: Measures taken to reduce the likelihood of crime.
Patrol: To keep watch over an area.
Arrest: To take someone into custody.
Interrogation: Questioning someone closely and aggressively.

Advanced:

Police Ethics: The professional standards of conduct for police officers.
Use of Force: The amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling subject.
Procedural Justice: The idea of fairness in the processes that resolve disputes and allocate resources.
Police Accountability: holding both individual police officers, as well as law enforcement agencies responsible for effectively delivering basic services of crime control and maintaining order, while treating individuals fairly and within the bounds of law.

Technology

1. Controlling the Internet:

Basic:

Internet: Global network of computers.
Control: Power to direct.
Access: Ability to use.
Website: A location on the internet.
Filter: To block or restrict.

Intermediate:

Censorship: Suppression of information.
Regulation: Rules and laws.
Surveillance: Monitoring online activity.
Net Neutrality: Principle of equal internet access.
Digital Divide: Gap between those with and without access.

Advanced:

Internet Governance: Global policies for Internet management.
Cyber Sovereignty: State control over the internet within borders.
Decentralization: Distribution of power.
Data Localization: Storing data within a country.
Algorithmic Control: Using algorithms to manage information flow.
Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attack: Overwhelming a server with traffic.
Encryption: Encoding data to prevent unauthorized access.

2. Socializing on the Internet:

Basic:

Social Media: Online platforms for interaction.
Friend: Contact online.
Chat: Online conversation.
Post: To share content.
Profile: Personal online information.

Intermediate:

Online Community: Group of people with shared interests.
Virtual Interaction: Socializing online.
Networking: Connecting with others online.
Digital Identity: Online persona.
Online Etiquette: Proper online behavior.

Advanced:

Social Network Analysis: Studying relationships in online networks.
Online Disinhibition Effect: Behavior changes due to online anonymity.
Digital Anthropology: Study of human-technology interactions.
Cyberpsychology: Study of the human mind and behavior in the context of human-technology interaction.
Echo Chamber: Online spaces reinforcing existing beliefs.
Algorithmic Bias: Systematic and repeatable errors in a computer system that create unfair outcomes.
Virtual Reality (VR) Socialization: Social interaction in immersive digital environments.

3. Children and Technology (Safety):

Basic:

Safety: Protection from harm.
Online: Connected to the internet.
Stranger: Unknown person.
Privacy: Keeping information personal.
Screen Time: Time spent using devices.

Intermediate:

Cyberbullying: Online harassment.
Predator: Someone who exploits others.
Parental Controls: Software to restrict access.
Digital Footprint: Online trail of activity.
Online Safety Education: Teaching safe Internet use.

Advanced:

Child Online Protection: Policies and laws for children’s safety.
Data Protection Laws: Regulations for handling children's data.
Digital Resilience: Ability to cope with online risks.
Critical Media Literacy: Analyzing and evaluating online content.
Sexting: Sending or receiving sexually explicit messages or photos.
Grooming: Building trust with a minor to exploit them.
Internet Addiction: Compulsive Internet use.

4. The Change in Society:

Basic:

Change: To become different.
Society: A group of people.
Impact: Effect or influence.
Modern: Relating to the present.
Development: Growth or progress.

Intermediate:

Transformation: Significant change.
Innovation: New ideas and methods.
Automation: Using technology to perform tasks.
Globalization: Increasing interconnectedness.
Digitalization: Converting to digital form.

Advanced:

Technological Determinism: Theory that technology drives social change.
Social Disruption: Disruption of social norms.
Post-Industrial Society: Society driven by information technology and services.
Information Age: Period characterized by information access.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Impact: Effects of AI on society.
Technological Unemployment: Job loss due to automation.
Future of Work: How technology changes employment.

5. Letter vs. Email:

Basic:

Letter: Written message on paper.
Email: Electronic message.
Send: To transmit.
Receive: To get.
Write: To form letters.

Intermediate:

Correspondence: Communication by letter or email.
Formal/Informal: Professional vs. casual.
Speed: Time taken to deliver.
Archive: To store messages.
Attachment: File sent with email.

Advanced:

Digital Archiving: Preserving digital correspondence.
Communication Efficiency: Effectiveness of communication methods.
Information Security: Protecting data in transit.
Communication Protocol: Rules for data transmission.
Metadata: Data about data.
Digital Signature: Electronic verification of sender identity.
Spam: Unsolicited bulk email.

6. Storing Data:

Basic:

Data: Information.
Store: To keep information.
File: A collection of data.
Memory: Computer storage.
Backup: Copy of data.

Intermediate:

Database: Organized collection of data.
Cloud Storage: Online data storage.
Server: Computer providing network services.
Encryption: Encoding data for security.
Data Management: Organizing and maintaining data.

Advanced:

Big Data: Extremely large datasets.
Data Analytics: Analyzing data for insights.
Data Warehousing: Centralized data storage.
Data Mining: Discovering patterns in data.
Data Governance: Policies for data management.
Distributed Storage: Storing data across multiple locations.
Quantum Computing Storage: Using quantum mechanics for data storage.

7. Safety and Personal Information:

Basic:

Safety: Protection from harm.
Personal Information: Data about oneself.
Password: Secret code.
Virus: Malicious computer program.
Protect: To keep safe.

Intermediate:

Identity Theft: Stealing personal data.
Phishing: Deceptive online scams.
Malware: Malicious software.
Firewall: Network security system.
Data Breach: Unauthorized access to data.

Advanced:

Information Security Policy: Rules for data protection.
Cybersecurity Framework: Guidelines for managing cyber risks.
Data Encryption Standards: Methods for encoding data.
Biometric Authentication: Using physical traits for identification.
Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): Extra layer of security.
Social Engineering: Manipulating people to gain access to data.
Zero-Day Vulnerability: Unknown software flaw.

8. Hacking:

Basic:

Hacking: Unauthorized computer access.
Breach: To break into.
Attack: To attempt to harm.
Code: Computer instructions.
System: A set of connected parts.

Intermediate:

Exploit: To take advantage of a vulnerability.
Payload: Malicious code.
Botnet: Network of infected computers.
Denial of Service (DoS): Overloading a system.
Ethical Hacking: Authorized security testing.

Advanced:

Reverse Engineering: Analyzing software to understand its design.
Penetration Testing: Simulating cyberattacks to find vulnerabilities.
Rootkit: Malware that hides other malware.
Zero-Day Exploit: Attack that exploits an unknown vulnerability.
Advanced Persistent Threat (APT): Long-term targeted attack.
Cryptography: Science of secure communication.
Buffer Overflow: Exploiting a memory vulnerability.

9. Artificial Intelligence (AI):

Basic:

AI: Computer intelligence.
Machine: Device that performs tasks.
Learn: To gain knowledge.
Data: Information used by computers.
Program: Instructions for a computer.

Intermediate:

Machine Learning: AI that learns from data.
Algorithm: Step-by-step instructions.
Neural Network: AI system modeled after the brain.
Automation: Using AI to perform tasks.
Natural Language Processing (NLP): AI that understands human language.

Advanced:

Deep Learning: Advanced form of machine learning.

Transport

1. Transport: Development and Infrastructure:

Basic:

Transport: Moving people or goods.
Road: A paved surface for vehicles.
Train: A vehicle travelling on rails.
Airport: A place for aeroplanes to take off and land.
Port: A place for ships to dock.
Infrastructure: Basic physical systems.

Intermediate:

Public Transport: Transportation services available to the public.
Logistics: The detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation.
Urban Planning: Planning the development of cities.
Network: A system of interconnected elements.
Accessibility: The quality of being easily reached or used.
Mobility: The ability to move freely.

Advanced:

Intermodal Transport: The transportation of freight involving more than one mode of transport.
Smart Infrastructure: Infrastructure enhanced with digital technologies.
Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): Urban development that maximizes access to public transport.
Supply Chain Management: The management of the flow of goods and services.
Geospatial Analysis: Analyzing spatial data to understand patterns.
Sustainable Infrastructure: Infrastructure designed to minimize environmental impact.
Resilience: The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties.

2. Comparing Forms of Transport:

Basic:

Vehicle: A machine used to transport people or goods.
Speed: How fast something moves.
Cost: The amount of money required.
Capacity: The amount something can hold.
Efficiency: Achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort.

Intermediate:

Mode of Transport: The method of transportation used.
Fuel Efficiency: The amount of fuel used per distance travelled.
Travel Time: The duration of a journey.
Accessibility: The ease with which a form of transport can be used.
Reliability: The quality of being dependable.
Freight: Goods transported in bulk by truck, train, ship, or aircraft.

Advanced:

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): Evaluating the environmental impacts of a product or service throughout its life.
Comparative Analysis: The systematic comparison of different options.
Cost-Benefit Analysis: Comparing the costs and benefits of different options.
Performance Metrics: Measurable values that demonstrate how effectively a system is performing.
Modal Shift: The change in the proportion of transport using different modes.
Operational Efficiency: Optimizing the performance of transport operations.
Transportation Economics: The study of economic issues related to transportation.

3. Environmental Issues:

Basic:

Pollution: The presence of harmful substances.
Emissions: Substances released into the atmosphere.
Climate Change: Changes in the Earth's climate.
Sustainability: The ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level.
Energy: The ability to do work.

Intermediate:

Greenhouse Gases: Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere.
Carbon Footprint: The total amount of greenhouse gases emitted.
Environmental Impact: The effect of human activities on the environment.
Renewable Energy: Energy from sources that are naturally replenished.
Conservation: The protection and preservation of resources.
Noise Pollution: Harmful or annoying levels of noise.

Advanced:

Decarbonization: The process of reducing carbon emissions.
Sustainable Transport: Transport that minimizes environmental impact.
Life Cycle Emissions: Emissions generated throughout the life cycle of a product or service.
Environmental Regulation: Government rules and policies related to the environment.
Ecological Footprint: The impact of human activities measured in terms of the area of biologically productive land and water required¹ to produce the goods consumed and to assimilate the wastes generated.
Environmental Justice: The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, colour, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.
Circular Economy: An economic system aimed at minimizing waste and making the most of resources.

Travel

1. Culture and Travel:

Basic:

Travel: To go from one place to another.
Culture: Customs, arts, and social institutions.
Tradition: Customs or beliefs passed down.
Customs: Practices followed by a group.
Language: System of communication.

Intermediate:

Cultural Exchange: Sharing ideas and customs.
Cultural Immersion: Deep engagement with a culture.
Heritage: Valued traditions and cultural property.
Cultural Sensitivity: Awareness of cultural differences.
Ethnocentrism: Judging other cultures by one's own standards.

Advanced:

Cultural Anthropology: Study of human cultures.
Cross-Cultural Communication: Communication between different cultures.
Cultural Relativism: Understanding cultures on their own terms.
Postcolonialism: Study of the effects of colonialism.
Cultural Appropriation: Taking elements of another culture without respect.
Cultural Diffusion: Spread of cultural elements.
Symbolic Anthropology: Study of symbols in culture.

2. Understanding People and Travel:

Basic:

People: Human beings in general.
Understand: To comprehend.
Respect: To admire or have high regard.
Difference: A point of unlikeness.
Interaction: Reciprocal action or influence.

Intermediate:

Empathy: Understanding and sharing feelings.
Tolerance: Accepting different views.
Perspective: A particular attitude toward something.
Social Interaction: Communication among people.
Interpersonal Skills: Abilities used to interact with others.

Advanced:

Social Psychology: Study of how people's thoughts and behaviours are influenced by others.
Cultural Competence: Ability to interact effectively with different cultures.
Cognitive Bias: Systematic errors in thinking.
Social Constructionism: Theory that social reality is constructed.
Behavioral Economics: Study of psychological factors influencing economic decisions.
Social Cognition: How people process social information.
Intergroup Relations: How different groups interact.

3. Living in a Global World:

Basic:

Global: Relating to the whole world.
Interconnected: Mutually connected.
Communication: Sharing information.
Economy: System of production and consumption.
Technology: Tools and devices.

Intermediate:

Globalization: Increasing interconnectedness.
Multiculturalism: Presence of diverse cultures.
International Relations: Interactions between countries.
Global Economy: Worldwide economic system.
Digital Nomad: A person who works remotely and travels.

Advanced:

Geopolitics: Relationship between geography and politics.
Transnationalism: Connections across national borders.
Cosmopolitanism: Ideology that all humans belong to a single community.
Global Governance: International Cooperation.
Network Society: Society structured around information networks.
Global Citizenship: Understanding and participating in global issues.
Systems Thinking: Understanding complex systems and their interactions.

4. Effects of Travel on Individual and the Country:

Basic:

Experience: Practical contact with events.
Change: To become different.

Intermediate:

Personal Growth: Improvement in oneself.
Economic Impact: Effects on the economy.
Cultural Awareness: Knowledge of different cultures.
Tourism: Travel for pleasure.
Exposure: Being subjected to influences.

Advanced:

Psychological Impact: Effects on mental well-being.
Economic Development: Improvement in economic conditions.
Cultural Exchange Programs: Organized opportunities for cultural interaction.
National Identity: Sense of belonging to a nation.
Brain Gain: Influx of skilled workers.
Cultural Hybridity: Blending of cultures.
Sustainable Tourism: Tourism that minimizes environmental and cultural impact.

Society

1. Overpopulation:

Basic:

Population: Number of people.
Overpopulation: Too many people.
Resources: Things people need.
Growth: Increase in number.
Limit: To restrict.

Intermediate:

Density: Number of people in an area.
Sustainability: Ability to maintain.
Carrying Capacity: Maximum population an environment can support.
Demographics: Study of population statistics.
Resource Depletion: Using up resources.

Advanced:

Ecological Footprint: Impact of human activities on the environment.
Malthusian Theory: The theory that population growth outpaces resource availability.
Demographic Transition: Shift from high birth and death rates to low rates.
Environmental Degradation: Deterioration of the environment.
Population Control: Policies to limit population growth.
Resource Scarcity: Limited availability of resources.
Human Carrying Capacity: The maximum number of people that Earth can support sustainably.

2. Poverty:

Basic:

Poverty: Being very poor.
Need: Something necessary.
Lack: Not having enough.
Basic Needs: Food, shelter, etc.
Inequality: Not equal.

Intermediate:

Subsistence: Maintaining at a minimum level.
Deprivation: Lack of basic necessities.
Socioeconomic Status: Social and economic position.
Marginalization: Being pushed to the edge of society.
Food Insecurity: Lack of access to food.

Advanced:

Structural Poverty: Poverty caused by systemic issues.
Relative Poverty: Poverty compared to others in a society.
Absolute Poverty: Lack of basic necessities for survival.
Cycle of Poverty: Intergenerational transmission of poverty.
Social Stratification: Hierarchical arrangement of social groups.
Economic Disparity: Inequality in wealth and income.
Gini Coefficient: Measure of income inequality.

3. Homeless People:

Basic:

Homeless: Without a home.
Shelter: Place to live.
Street: Public road.
Support: Help or assistance.
Vulnerable: Easily harmed.

Intermediate:

Transient: Staying only for a short time.
Destitution: Extreme poverty.
Social Exclusion: Being excluded from society.
Resilience: Ability to recover from difficulties.
Outreach: Providing services to those in need.

Advanced:

Chronic Homelessness: Long-term homelessness.
Episodic Homelessness: Recurring periods of homelessness.
Hidden Homelessness: Living in temporary or unstable situations.
Displacement: Being forced to leave home.
Social Services: Government programs to help people.
Affordable Housing: Housing that is affordable for low-income households.
Mental Health Services: Services addressing mental health needs.

4. Crime on Streets:

Basic:

Crime: Illegal activity.
Street: Public road.
Safety: Being protected from harm.
Violence: Physical force.
Theft: Stealing.

Intermediate:

Urban Crime: Crime in cities.
Deterrence: Discouraging crime.
Law Enforcement: Police and legal system.
Vandalism: Damage to property.
Public Safety: Protecting the public from harm.

Advanced:

Criminology: Study of crime and criminals.
Urban Decay: Deterioration of urban areas.
Community Policing: Building relationships between police and communities.
Broken Windows Theory: The theory that visible signs of disorder encourage further crime.
Social Disorder: Breakdown of social norms.
Juvenile Delinquency: Criminal behaviour by minors.
Recidivism: Reoffending after punishment.

5. Modern Lifestyles:

Basic:

Modern: Relating to the present.
Lifestyle: Way of living.
Technology: Tools and devices.
Fast-paced: Rapid and hurried.
Consumerism: Buying goods and services.

Intermediate:

Urbanization: Growth of cities.
Globalization: Increasing interconnectedness.
Digitalization: Conversion to digital form.
Convenience Culture: Emphasis on ease and speed.
Work-Life Balance: Balancing work and personal life.

Advanced:

Postmodernism: Skepticism towards grand narratives and universal truths.
Consumer Culture: Society where consumption is central.
Technological Dependence: Reliance on technology.
Social Isolation: Lack of social connections.
Environmental Sustainability: Practices that minimize environmental impact.
Information Overload: Excessive exposure to information.
Hyperconnectivity: Constant connection through technology.

6. Budget Spending:

Basic:

Budget: Plan for spending money.
Spend: To use money.
Tax: Money paid to the government.
Public Funds: Money used by the government.
Allocate: To distribute resources.

Intermediate:

Fiscal Policy: Government spending and taxation.
Expenditure: Money spent.
Revenue: Money collected.
Deficit: Spending more than revenue.
Prioritize: To treat as more important.

Advanced:

Austerity Measures: Policies to reduce government spending.
Public Finance: Management of government revenue and expenditure.
Budgetary Constraints: Limits on spending.
Economic Stimulus: Government spending to boost the economy.
Progressive Taxation: Tax rates increase with income.
Regressive Taxation: Tax rates decrease with income.
Fiscal Responsibility: Prudent management of public finances.

7. Public Service:

Basic:

Service: Help provided to others.
Public: Relating to all people.
Government: System of ruling a country.
Benefit: Advantage or good.
Community: Group of people living in the same place.

Intermediate:

Infrastructure: Basic physical systems.
Social Welfare: Government programs to help people.
Civil Service: Government employees.
Public Sector: Government-run organizations.
Accountability: Being responsible for actions.

Advanced:

Bureaucracy: System of government with many officials and rules.
Public Administration: Management of government programs.
Policy Implementation: Putting government policies into action.
Social Contract: Agreement between citizens and government.
Public Goods: Non-excludable and non-rivalrous goods.
Governance: The way a society is ruled.
Civic Engagement: Participation in community and government activities.

Sports

1. Professionals vs. Amateurs:

Basic:

Sports: Physical activities and games.
Professional: Paid to play.
Amateur: Plays for enjoyment.
Competition: A contest.
Skill: Ability to do something well.

Intermediate:

Athlete: A person skilled in sports.
Compensation: Payment for services.
Eligibility: Qualified to participate.
Sponsorship: Financial support.
League: Organized group of teams.

Advanced:

Endorsement: Public approval or support.
Contract: Legal agreement.
Representation: Acting on behalf of someone.
Governance: Rules and regulations.
Commercialization: Making something primarily for profit.
Exploitation: Unfair use of someone's work.
Performance-Enhancing Drugs (PEDs): Substances used to improve athletic performance.

2. Income:

Basic:

Money: Currency used as a medium of exchange.
Pay: To give money for services.
Salary: Fixed regular payment.
Earn: To receive money.
Budget: Plan for spending money.

Intermediate:

Revenue: Income received.
Profit: Financial gain.
Investment: Spending money to gain profit.
Negotiation: Discussion to reach an agreement.
Financial Security: Stability in finances.

Advanced:

Market Value: Worth in the marketplace.
Financial Planning: Managing finances for future goals.
Diversification: Investing in various assets.
Tax Implications: Effects of taxes.
Financial Portfolio: Collection of investments.
Capitation: Payment per person.
Annuity: Fixed sum paid yearly.

3. Equipment:

Basic:

Gear: Equipment used in sports.
Racket: A bat used in racket sports.
Helmet: Protective headgear.

Intermediate:

Apparel: Clothing used in sports.
Protective Gear: Equipment to prevent injury.
Technology: Tools and devices.
Innovation: Introduction of new methods.
Regulation: Rules governing equipment.

Advanced:

Biomechanics: Study of movement in living things.
Material Science: Study of materials.
Ergonomics: Designing for efficiency and comfort.
Performance Analysis: Evaluating sports performance.
Wearable Technology: Devices worn to track performance.
Standardization: Establishing uniform standards.
Proprietary Technology: Technology owned by a company.

4. Sports and Learning:

Basic:

Learn: To gain knowledge.
Teamwork: Working together.
Discipline: Training to obey rules.
Strategy: Plan of action.
Skill: Ability to do something.

Intermediate:

Leadership: Guiding a group.
Problem-Solving: Finding solutions.
Resilience: Ability to recover.
Sportsmanship: Fair and respectful behaviour.
Cognitive Skills: Mental abilities.

Advanced:

Pedagogy: Methods of teaching.
Motor Skills: Movement abilities.
Cognitive Development: Growth of thinking skills.
Social Development: Growth of social skills.
Character Development: Growth of moral and ethical traits.
Kinesthetic Learning: Learning through physical activity.
Transferable Skills: Skills applicable to other areas.

5. Men vs. Women in Sports:

Basic:

Equality: Being equal.
Opportunity: Chance to do something.

Intermediate:

Gender Equality: Equal rights for men and women.
Representation: Being represented.
Discrimination: Unfair treatment.
Title IX (US): Law prohibiting gender discrimination in education.
Inclusion: Being included.

Advanced:

Gender Bias: Prejudice based on gender.
Patriarchy: System of male dominance.
Feminism: Advocacy of women's rights.
Gender Studies: Study of gender.
Performance Disparities: Differences in performance.
Media Coverage: Reporting in the media.
Social Construction of Gender: How society creates gender roles.

6. Types of Sports:

Basic:

Team Sports: Sports played with a team.
Individual Sports: Sports played alone.
Outdoor Sports: Sports played outside.
Indoor Sports: Sports played inside.
Water Sports: Sports played in the water.

Intermediate:

Combat Sports: Sports involving fighting.
Endurance Sports: Sports requiring stamina.
Extreme Sports: High-risk sports.
Athletics: Sports involving running, jumping, and throwing.
Recreational Sports: Sports for enjoyment.

Advanced:

Olympic Sports: Sports in the Olympic Games.
Professional Sports: Sports played for money.
Paralympic Sports: Sports for athletes with disabilities.
Niche Sports: Sports with a small following.
Esports: Competitive video gaming.
Traditional Sports: Sports rooted in cultural practices.
Emerging Sports: New and developing sports.

7. Sports Celebrities:

Basic:

Celebrity: Famous person.
Fan: A person who admires someone.
Role Model: Person to be imitated.
Influence: Power to affect someone.
Popularity: Being liked by many.

Intermediate:

Icon: Widely admired person.
Public Image: Perception by the public.
Media Attention: Coverage by the media.
Brand Ambassador: A person representing a brand.
Philanthropy: Charitable giving.

Advanced:

Cultural Impact: Effect on culture.
Social Responsibility: Obligation to society.
Media Persona: Public image created by media.
Legacy: Impact left behind.
Commodification: Treating someone as a commodity.
Social Commentary: Offering opinions on social issues.
Transcendence: Rising above normal limitations.

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